Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment (ALSE) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal on Agricultural, Horticultural and Animal Sciences, Food Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Environmental Management in the field of Applied Life Sciences, published quarterly online and in print by “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS).
Latest Articles
Cover Story
Jellyfish (JF) are essential to marine ecosystems. However, JF that develop rapidly can have negative effects. On 3–4 August, 2022, a significant JF (Lobonemoides robustus Stiasny, 1920) bloom was observed along the Cox’s Bazar coast in Bangladesh (from Najdirartek to Sabrang). The goal of the current investigation was to identify the fatty acids (FAs) and amino acids (AAs) of L. robustus. The AAs were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, while the FAs were determined using a gas chromatographic system with a flame ionisation detector. The most prevalent AA was glycine. The most common FA was linoleic acid (C18:3) (0.43%), followed by myristic acid (0.12%), cis-9-oleic acid (0.18%), gamma-linolenic acid (0.24%), and heptadecanoic acid (0.29%). Based on its high AA and FA contents, L. robustus is a great candidate for the potentially sustainable manufacture of nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and biomedical natural products to improve health and well-being. In addition, the edible L. robustus could be exported to other countries for use as the bloom species, thus playing a major role in achieving a blue economy (see page 107).
Extraction and Characterisation of Natural Dye From Orange Peel for Textile Applications
Usman Habu Taura, Muhammad Abbagoni Abubakar, Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Mohammed Umar Kurgiya
ABSTRACT. Awareness of the need to protect the environment and people’s health has led to an intensification of concerns for obtaining sustainable products and processes. Toxic waste created during the production and use of synthetic dyes has an impact on both human and environmental health. As a result, natural dyes are more secure and safer than synthetic dyes. This study is significant because it has the potential to help develop sustainable and environmentally friendly textile dyeing techniques. In this study, a natural dye was successfully extracted from orange peel (Citrus recticulata Rutaceae) which was applied on textile fibre and was found to be partly effective for eco-friendly dyeing applications. The extracted dye does not have a good wash fastness, which is the ability of the fabric to retain its colour after washing. This weakness is demonstrated by carrying out a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis where the potential binding mechanisms between the dye and the textile fibres was revealed. Different functional groups can interact with the fibre’s functional groups, affecting the dye’s affinity for the fabric and its overall colour fastness properties. Findings show that dyes from orange peels showed promise in this study, but need to be improved further. Therefore, the study suggests that further research is needed to optimize the dyeing process and improve the fabric’s resistance to washing and other environmental factors.
Keywords: mordant; natural dye; orange peel; synthetic dye; textile industry.
Correction: Usman Habu TAURA’s affiliation has been changed from Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria in Oil and Gas Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, 123, according to supporting document Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment_affiliation correction justification
Assessment of Sensitivity to Desertification in the Oum Er-Rbia Watershed (Upstream of Ouled Sidi Driss) Using The Medalus Approach
Souad Ourabit, Abderrahim Ettaqy, Mohamed El Ghachi
ABSTRACT. The issue of desertification is a pressing concern for many vulnerable regions, with consequences that extend far beyond their borders. It is a silent force that not only contributes to global climate change by releasing stored carbon from vegetation and soil but also compounds the ongoing environmental challenges we face on a global scale. In Morocco, the effects of these climate changes are already noticeable, particularly in terms of water scarcity due to reduced rainfall and rising temperatures. This, in turn, leads to soil drying and an increased risk of degradation. The Oum Er-Rbia watershed (upstream of Ouled Sidi Driss) is one of the basins affected by this issue, covering an area of 11,152 km² and spanning three topographic units (the Middle Atlas Mountains, the Phosphate Plateau and the Tadla Plain). This topographic diversity causes regional variation in the sensitivity to desertification. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the sensitivity to desertification in this watershed by using the MEDALUS model (Mediterranean desertification and land use), which calculates the Desertification Sensitivity Index (DSI) through the composition of four indices: the Soil Quality Index (SQI), the Vegetation Quality Index (VQI), the Climate Quality Index (CQI) and the Land Use Quality Index (LUQI). The results show that the critical and highly sensitive zones represent 44% and are located at the northeast and west ends of the watershed. By contrast, the unaffected zones represent 12% of the total area of the watershed and correspond to the upstream area, where the climate, vegetation and land use systems are of good quality, providing effective protection for the land. To reduce the impact of this phenomenon, we have proposed some potentially impactful development actions based on land use and the results obtained.
Keywords: climate change; desertification sensitivity; drought; MEDALUS; Oum Er-Rbia watershed.
Growth Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Economics of Red Sokoto Bucks Fed Saccharomyces Cerevisiae-Treated Groundnut Haulm and Dried Cassava Peel-Based Diets
Ahmad Rufai Musa, Olayinka John Makinde, Aminu Maidala, Ahmed Bishir, Kakudi Ismail Abubakar, Kosoro Ahmad Mua’zu, Ismaila Habiba Abdullahi, Yakubu Zakari Idrissa, Charles Hannatu, Muhammad Hamisu Zango
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the growth performance, nitrogen balance, and economics of production of Red Sokoto bucks (RSBs) fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae-treated, biodegradable groundnut haulms (SCGH) and dried cassava peels (DCP). Four dietary treatments were formulated including a control diet (T1; 0% SCGH:DCP) and DCP in combination with SCGH at the different proportions of 275:695 (T2), 375:595 (T3), and 475:495 (T4) g/kg of dry matter (DM). A combination of 5 g and 50 g of yeast as a probiotic and molasses, respectively, were added to 1 kg of GH after been dissolved in 1 L of water. Twelve healthy RSBs weighing 9.5 ± 0.40 kg of body weight (BW) and aged 7 to 8 months were exposed to four treatments. This was replicated three times in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 90 days. The average final weight, average daily weight gain (gram/day), nitrogen intake, and nitrogen balance were significantly influenced by the inclusion of DCP and SCGH in the diets. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the ADG of T1 (58.20 g/d) and the T4 (58.89 g/d) groups. Feed conversion ratio and feed-cost saving ($630.80) increased with the inclusion of DCP and SCGH in the goats’ diets. In conclusion, T4 (SCGH: 475g, DCP: 495g) had a better chemical composition, ADG, nitrogen balance, and feed-cost saving; therefore, SCGH are recommended and are readily available agricultural wastes that can be fed to RSBs to improve performance and nitrogen utilization in a cost-effective way, especially during dry season.
Keywords: bucks; cassava peels; nitrogen balance; probiotics; yeast.
First Report of The Amino Acid And Fatty Acid Composition of Jellyfish (Lobonemoides Robustus Stiasny, 1920) Collected During Jellyfish Bloom Along the Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bangladesh
Tarikul Islam, Simul Bhuyan, Mala Khan, Mrityunjoy Kunda, Sumi Akter, Nayan Kumer Kundu
ABSTRACT. Jellyfish (JF) are essential to marine ecosystems. However, JF that increases rapidly can have negative effects. On 3-4 August 2022, a significant JF (Lobonemoides robustus Stiasny, 1920) bloom was observed along Cox’s Bazar coast (from Najdirartek to Sabrang) in Bangladesh. The goal of the current investigation was to identify the fatty acids (FAs) and amino acids (AAs) of L. robustus. The AAs were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, while the FAs were determined using a gas chromatographic system with a flame ionisation detector. The most prevalent AA was glycine. The most common FA was linoleic acid (C18:3) (0.43%), followed by myristic acid (0.12%), cis-9-oleic acid (0.18%), gamma-linolenic acid (0.24%), and heptadecanoic acid (0.29%). Based on its AA and FA contents, L. robustus can be a great candidate for the potentially sustainable manufacture of nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and biomedical natural products to improve health and well-being. In addition, the edible L. robustus could be exported to other countries, thus way it can play a major role in achieving a blue economy.
Keywords: amino acids; bloom; blue economy; fatty acids; jellyfish.
Foliar Zinc and Soil Applied Molybdenum Optimize Yield and Dry Matter Partitioning of Lentil
Shams Ur Rehman, Uzair Ahmed, Ayesha Zahoor, Zia Ur Rahman, Ikram Ullah, Salman Khan, Rizwan Ali, Osama Muhammad Jafar, Muhammad Taimoor, Aamir Sohail, Sajid Ali
ABSTRACT. A field experiment on the effect of zinc and molybdenum application on the yield of lentil was carried out at The University of Agriculture Peshawar during the Rabi season of 2021. The experiment was carried out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Four levels of molybdenum (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg ha−1) and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at different intervals of lentil crop (control, 50 days after sowing, 100 days after sowing, 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing) were tested in the experiment. The results revealed that 3 kg ha−1 of molybdenum enhanced plant height (55 cm), nodules plant−1 (25), branches plant−1 (7), days to flowering (107) and maturity (159), dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (64 g m−2), dry matter of leaves at the maturity stage (113 g m−2), dry matter of branches at the physiological maturity stage (304 g m−2), dry matter of pods at the maturity stage (439 g m−2), pods plant−1 (92), seeds pod−1 (2.0), 1000-seed weight (31 g), biological yield (3207 kg ha−1), and seed yield (1002 kg ha−1). Zinc foliar spray (0.5%) at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of lentil crop improved the dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (62 g m−2), days to first flowering (109), days to physiological maturity (157), dry matter of leaves at the physiological maturity stage (111 g m−2), dry matter of pods at the physiological maturity stage (435 g m−2), pods plant−1 (91), 1000 seed weight (32 g), biological yield (3236 kg ha−1) and seed yield (1026 kg ha−1). Lastly, scatterplots revealed a significant correlation of grain and biological yield with their components. It is concluded that molybdenum application at a rate of 3 kg ha−1 and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of the lentil crop increased seed yield and is thus recommended for the Peshawar region.
Keywords: correlation; cropping system; fertilisation; Lens culinaris L.
Estimation of Heritability, Genotypic Variability and Correlations Analysis for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits Among Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
Mansoor Javed, Akbar Ali, Muhammad Kashif, Muhammad Ali, Saif Ullah, Ayesha Alam
ABSTRACT. To find out genetic variability, heritability, and trait association among yield and yield-related traits among bread wheat genotypes, an alpha lattice design was used in triplicate manner where 50 wheat genotypes were evaluated at the University of Agriculture Peshawar during rabbi growing season 2021-22 along with a regional check genotype. Data were taken on ten parameters. All the genotypes showed significant variation among them, signifying the possibility of enhancing genetic improvement through breeding programs. Highly significant differences were found in days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, grain filling duration, number of grains per spike, biological yield and grain yield these traits indicating diversity in yield potential. Moderate to low heritability values were noted for most of the traits. The study exhibits positive correlations for plant height with grain yield, spike length with biological yield and harvest index with grain yield. On the basis of high heritability and positive correlation of grain yield with other traits, it is recommended that G-41, G-3, G-12, G-37, G-34 and G-14 genotypes which have the potential to be incorporate in further breeding programs.
Keywords: correlation; crop improvement; heritability; quantitative genetics; variability; wheat breeding; wheat genotypes.
Preliminary Studies on Some Morpho-Structural and Biochemical Characterisation of Some Genotypes of Vitis vinifera L. Cultivated in Northeast Romania
Liliana Rotaru, Vasile Răzvan Filimon, Roxana Mihaela Filimon, Mihai Mustea, Roberto Renato Bernardis, Lucia Cintia Colibaba
ABSTRACT. The monitoring of new grapevine varieties with superior agrobiological and technological characteristics, in relation to the evolution of the climatic factors, represents an important and continuous objective of the worldwide viticultural research and breeding programs. Observations and determinations of the current study were performed on 11 new table grapes varieties created in Romania, growing in the Ampelographic collection of the University of Life Sciences Iasi, north-eastern area of Romania. The grapevine varieties were evaluated under the morpho-structural aspect, regarding the leaf area, the average weight of the grapes, the number and weight of the berries, rachis weight, the number and weight of the seeds, the weight of the skin and pulp, calculating the main technological indices. From a biochemical point of view, the content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves, the concentration of soluble dry solids and titratable acidity of the grapes were determined in the climatic condition of the Copou – Iasi vineyard. Therefore, the monitoring of genetic resources provides useful data for grape producers and researchers regarding the integration of new table grape varieties into the viticultural ecosystems, evaluating their yield and quality in correlation with the evolution and influence of the climatic factors.
Keywords: agrobiological and technological value; autochthonous grapevine variety; chemical composition; genetic resources; physico-structural characterization.
Aspects of the Contribution of the Leader Approach to Rural Development in Romania. Case Study: North-East Development Region
Carmen-Olguța Brezuleanu, Mădălina-Maria Brezuleanu, Roxana Mihalache, Irina Susanu, Diana Elena Creangă, Elena Ungureanu
ABSTRACT. Rural development is the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (EU), with the role of helping the rural areas of the EU and implicitly Romania to address the economic, environmental, and social challenges they face. The purpose of the research included in this paper is to demonstrate the contribution of the LEADER approach to rural development in Romania, with an emphasis on the North-East Development Region. At the same time, the aim was to highlight the innovative nature of this approach: what it means, how it can be applied, and how it was applied. The data studied through the analysis carried out show that the Romanian territory and, implicitly, the North-East Development Region is poor, fragmented, depopulated, or in the process of depopulating, with few opportunities for young people. The innovative character of the LEADER Programme in Romania and implicitly the North-East Development Region results from the degree of novelty that an investment financed through it brings to the targeted territory, without being limiting and without necessarily presupposing a technological innovation, because the innovation must be evaluated relative to the local situation. The main instrument through which the principles of the LEADER approach can be implemented is the Local Action Group. It is the main driving force behind the activities to be carried out in the territory and which will lead to their implementation. The Local Action Groups set up in the North-East Region provide a common communication framework for local communities to develop and implement Local Development Strategies by initiating, developing and financing projects at local level. They contribute to the unity of local communities and their participation in local development. LEADER approach has brought and how its innovative character is highlighted. The questions that informed its development were: Is this concept considered as a model for sustainable rural development in Romania and the N-E Region? Is LEADER a truly innovative approach. In order to achieve the proposed goal, a multi-step working procedure was developed to allow the collection of target data and additional data derived from the initial target data. Thus, the working procedure was structured in the following steps: problem identification and conceptualization, literature review, document structuring, strategy selection, operational planning, data calculation, and interpretation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this work. Thus, from a quantitative point of view, the following research methods were considered relevant for obtaining data: administrative data analysis. As a qualitative method, a bibliometric analysis was carried out, i.e., the literature on sustainable rural development through the use of support measures was analysed by means of the VOSviewer programme, using the Web of Science collections database. Without the implementation of the LEADER Programme in Romania and implicitly in the North-East Development Region, rural areas may be deprived of funding that determines the improvement of conditions in that area, but efforts in the field of implementing sustainable rural development measures must be continued so that the effect of this funding is really visible. Thus, the results of the research carried out in the North-East Development Region of Romania add additional value to the information published in previous studies through proposals for rural reform and concrete examples of innovative projects implemented there.
Keywords: LEADER; local action group; North-East Development Region; Romania; rural development.
Raw Bovine Milk as a Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant, Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella
Achintya Mahanti, Siddhartha Narayan Joardar, Samiran Bandyopadhyay, Jaydeep Banerjee, Sarbaswarup Ghosh, Tapan Kumar Dutta, Indranil Samanta
ABSTRACT. The transmission of zoonotic bacteria through consumption of raw milk is complicated by the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ESBL-/AmpC-producing Klebsiella spp.) in cow’s milk originating from healthy or infected (mastitis) cattle in India. In total, 450 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle and cattle suffering from clinical or sub-clinical mastitis. Out of 455 Klebsiella spp., 67 (14.73%) isolates were found to be ESBL producers in the double-disc diffusion test. The occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in milk samples collected from cattle suffering with mastitis than in healthy cattle. Among the ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp., 56 (83.6%) isolates were also detected that produced AmpC β-lactamases. All the ESBL and AmpC-producing Klebsiella spp. possessed blaCTX-M (100%) and blaAmpC (100%), respectively. The present study revealed a higher occurrence of class 1 integron in ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. isolates. All ESBL-producing- Klebsiella spp. isolates were multi-drug resistant. The ciprofloxacin- and/or levofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella spp. isolates possessed the quinolone resistance gene (qnrS). The co-trimoxazole-resistant isolates possessed the sul1 and sul2 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the studied isolates revealed that strains isolated from the same location had a clonal relationship. The study increases consumer awareness of the need to avoid raw milk consumption to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the community.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; ESBL; Klebsiella; MIC; raw milk.
Cover story
Watermelon production is affected by root-knot nematode (RKN), as all varieties of the crop are susceptible. Studies have been conducted to identify readily available and environmentally safe nematicides for the management of RKN. Aqueous and powdered extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L) King and Robinson and Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho were applied alone and in combination. All data collected on growth, yield and nematode populations were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatments were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% level of significance. Among the treatments, the combination of C. odorata and F. mucuso powders was the most effective, with higher growth and yield performance. The experiment showed that aqueous and powdered extracts of C. odorata and F. mucuso were effective in managing RKN in the field (see page 527)
Unveiling the Nature of Carbon Decomposition on Different Organic Manure Sources: The Impact of Temperature Regimes in A Subtropical Climate
Abu Taher, Anwarul Islam Mondol, Harun Or Rashid, Muhammad Khairul Alam, Akhter Hossain Chowdhury, Sharif Ahmed
ABSTRACT. Organic sources are vital for crop nutrient management, but nutrient release from organic manure depends on temperature and other factors. We conducted a laboratory incubation study to investigate how temperature (15, 25, 35°C) affects the decomposition of common organic manure, which has not yet been explored in Bangladesh. The organic manures used in this study are poultry manure (PM), vermicompost (VC), bio-slurry (BS), cow dung (CD), water hyacinth compost (WHC) and rice straw compost (RSC), which were compared with a control treatment (only soil). Carbon mineralisation and CO2 emission from microbial respiration varied among organic manures and temperature regimes. The RSC- and WHC-treated soils had a higher C mineralisation than the other manures at 35°C. The mineralisation of C among the organic manures followed the order: RSC > WHC > CD > VC > BS > PM > control. Among the temperature regimes, C mineralisation followed the order 35°C > 25°C > 15°C. Manure mineralisation was associated with mineralisable C pools (carbon availability factor, Caf), and 16.4–36.5% organic C was released. Irrespective of temperature regimes, the highest easily mineralisable Caf was recorded in PM-amended soil, followed by VC-amended soil. RSC had the lowest Caf under all temperature regimes. The Caf values of all incubated manures were higher under a 35°C temperature regime. Compost preparation from organic manure and its utilisation as an integrated nutrient management component can play essential roles in mitigating climate change, reducing environmental degradation, and building more sustainable and resilient agrifood systems.
Keywords: carbon cycling; climate research; eco-friendly farming; nutrient reactivity; organic carbon shifts.
Physiological Particularities of Maize Plants and the Effect of Some Antioxidants Under Conditions of Moderate Drought
Anastasia Ștefîrță, Ion Bulhac, Lilia Brînză, Maria Cocu, Vera Zubareva
ABSTRACT. Complex investigation on the effect of Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet compositions on water status, intensity of photosynthesis, water use efficiency, growth and yield of ‘P458’ maize plants under conditions of natural humidity in field trials was performed. The beneficial effect of seed and foliage pre-treatment with Thiourea, Galmet and, in particular, the new chemical composition Thiogalmet on plants’ biological processes conditioning a better realisation of the physiological processes associated with plant growth and productivity was established. A significantly greater positive impact of Thiogalmet on the optimisation of hydration degree, water retention capacity, stomatal conductance for CO2/H2O, assimilation, water use efficiency, plant growth and productivity was recorded. There was an additive action of Thiourea and Galmet in the composition of the Tiogalmet preparation. Thiogalmet increased the yield per unit area and improved the commercial quality of the grain. Treating plants with Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet ensured a 27.20, 52.08 and 68.20% yield increase, respectively, compared to the plants in the control variant. Therefore, a major effect was registered in the plants treated with the new composition. The obtained information demonstrates the possibility of mitigating the adverse effects of drought on the physiological response and production by applying antioxidants.
Keywords: growth; photosynthesis; physiologically active substances; plants; productivity; resistance; transpiration
Utilisation and Contribution of Forest Resources to Improve Food Security in Dry Regions of Africa
Andrew Tapiwa Kugedera, Letticia Kudzai Kokerai, Nyasha Sakadzo, Emmerson Chivhenge, Taona Museva
ABSTRACT. The unsustainable harvest of forest resources in dry regions of Africa has contributed to forest degradation and increased the prices of forest resources in local markets. Many people in dry regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have been harvesting forest resources to supplement food sources due to poor crop production as a result of erratic rainfall. This review seeks to explore the utilisation and contribution of forest resources to improving food security in the dry regions of Africa. Forest resources are highly utilised by poor resource farmers in rural areas as a means of poverty alleviation, income generation and to improve human livelihoods. Resources such as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) contribute to human nutrition, income generation, food sources and to improve living standards. NTFPs, such as honey, waxes and medicines, have been reported to contribute income in countries, such as Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, creating more opportunities for rural people to improve their living standards and reduce food insecurity. These resources contribute to hidden hunger though the utilisation of fruit, vegetables, honey, wild meat and edible worms, especially to the children under five years of age. Climate change has also created variability in the availability of forest resources in dry regions, and this has altered their contribution to human livelihoods and food security.
Keywords: edible worms; human nutrition; indigenous fruits; medicine; non-timber forest products.
Effect of Salicylic Acid Application on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Yield and Fibre Quality
Rukiye Kiliç, Çetin Karademir
ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the effect of SA (salicylic acid) application on the yield, yield components, and fibre quality characteristics of cotton at different growth stages (squaring, flowering and squaring + flowering). The experiment was carried out at Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crop’s experimental area during the 2022 cotton growing season. The experimental design was a split-plot design with four replications. The main plot and sub-plots consisted of SA applications [Control (0.0 mM), squaring (1.0 mM), flowering (1.0 mM), squaring (0.5 mM) + flowering (0.5 mM)] and varieties (MAY 455, Stoneville 468, Fiona), respectively. SA application and variety interactions were significant in terms of the first boll opening days and the number of nodes. There were significant differences between varieties, except for the number of monopodial branches, number of bolls, chlorophyll content value, normalised difference vegetation index value, and micronaire and fibre strength. The MAY 455 cotton variety had the highest values in terms of seed cotton yield (2993.1 kg ha-1) plant height (62.14 cm), boll weight (6.51 g), seed cotton weight per boll (4.90 g), number of seeds per boll (29.46), number of nodes to first fruiting branch (8.65), fibre yield (1361.0 kg ha−1) and 100-seed weight (8.82 g), while the Fiona variety came to the fore in terms of number of days to first boll opening (118.0 d), number of sympodial branches (7.56), number of nodes per plant (17.79), ginning percentage (46.45%), fibre length (828.52 mm) and fibre reflectance (82.18 Rd). There was a slight increase in yield (223.8 kg ha−1) compared to the control. SA application may show different effects on each cotton variety, and the positive effect may increase by applying SA at different intervals.
Keywords: cotton; fibre quality; growth; physiology; salicylic acid; yield.
The Realization of Systematic Cadastre Works in the Perspective of the Sustainable Development of the Vineyard and Fruit-Growing Sector in Romania
Cristian Huțanu, Oprea Radu
ABSTRACT. In order to develop the vineyard and orchard sector in Romania from a sustainable point of view, the European Union primarily finances plantations with native varieties. To be able to talk about sustainable development and environmental protection, GIS systems should be structured by fields of activity and become an interface between man and nature. The integration of these projects within the systematic cadastre work would have the effect of obtaining a better reassessment of the agricultural potential of the area. Thus, the “Vasile Adamachi” didactic farm of the Iasi University of Life Sciences has reconfigured the cadastral plots, currently occupying a total area of 16.1 ha with vines and 12.2 ha with fruit trees. This project to modernise the vineyard/fruit-growing plantations was realised from the rehabilitation funds of the European Union, through the Payments and Intervention Agency for Agriculture. The creation by the Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity Agency of an integrated cadastre and land book system, as a “multipurpose” type system within the National Cadastre and Land Book Program, would help the Payments and Intervention Agency for Agriculture to identify agricultural real estate, which includes vineyards/fruit trees, and would encourage the owners of such plantations to access projects from the European Union funds for the modernisation, maintenance in good condition or expansion of vineyard and fruit-growing. Also, the technical-legal situation of the existing real estate at the administrative-territorial unit level could be obtained in real time.
Keywords: systematic cadastre works; tabulated agricultural real estate; vineyard and fruit- growing cadastral plots.
Prevalence and Characterisation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolones Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Companion Animals
Andreea Paula Cozma, Iulia Elena Măciucă, Cristina Mihaela Rîmbu, Ioana Crivei, Șerban Moroșan, Lucia Carmen Trincă, Dorina Timofte
ABSTRACT. Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Enterobacterales producing beta-lactamase (TEM, SHV, OXA) or extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), as well as plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones (PMQR) (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) in companion animals from the northeast region of Romania. A total of 124 faecal samples were collected aseptically from healthy dogs attending the veterinary practice for vaccination and cultivated on Brilliance ESBL medium (Oxoid, UK). The ESBL production testing was performed using the combination disc test. The identification of Enterobacterales strains was achieved using molecular identification and based on biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Identification of genes encoding for beta-lactamase enzymes and genes encoding plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones was performed by PCR according to the protocols previously described. After ESBL screening, 31 (31/124; 25%) extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Enterobacterales were obtained, and 67.74% (21/31) of them were confirmed as ESBL-producers. Regarding the Enterobacterales species, 27 (27/31; 87.1%) were Escherichia coli and 4 (4/31; 12.9%) strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among the ESBL-producing isolates, the blaCTX-M-1 gene group was predominant (58.82%), followed by the blaCTX-M-9 group (41.18%). The blaTEM, blaSHV and blaOXA gene groups were identified in 54.83%, 29.03% and 3.22% of the analysed strains, respectively. The prevalence of PMQR genes was 22.58% and consisted only of qnrS (19.35%) and qnrA (3.22%) genes. The prevalence of ESBL strains related to the total number of analysed samples was 16.93% (21/124). The findings show a significant prevalence of ESBLs and PMQR genes in Enterobacterales strains isolated from the faeces of healthy dogs, implying that pets may pose a risk of transmitting ESBL strains to other animals or owners.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; companion animals; ESBL genes.
Abstract published in Conference Programme dedicated to LIFE SCIENCES TODAY FOR TOMORROW
Comparing Fodder Production of Maize Varieties under Varied Nitrogen Levels
Haseeb Ahmad, Uzair Ahmed, Ikram Ullah, Hamza Masud
ABSTRACT. Maize (Zea mays L.) plays a significant role as a fodder crop, supporting rural populations and livestock. Unfortunately, in Pakistan, there is a shortage of green fodder due to the unbalanced use of fertiliser and improper selection of maize varieties for fodder production. This research aimed to address the need for quality fodder by studying the effects of nitrogen (N) on new maize varieties, ultimately enhancing livestock production and agricultural sustainability. The experiment took place in the summer of 2022 at the Cereal Crop Research Institute in Pakistan. Adopting an RCB design with three replications, fodder maize varieties (Jalal, Kaptan and Jumbo) were tested with four N levels (0, 100, 150, 200 kg N ha−1) applied during sowing, knee (V4), and silking stages. The data upon analysis revealed that different maize varieties had a significant impact on the studied parameters. Maize varieties affected days to tasselling and silking, with the Jumbo variety recording the longest duration (59 and 62, respectively). Similar results were observed for days to milking, with the Jumbo variety taking the longest time (80 days). It also recorded a higher leaf number (11.5), leaf area (478 cm−2) and leaf area index (3.4). Fresh fodder (67,777 kg ha−1) and dry fodder yield (23,424 kg ha−1) were higher for the Jumbo variety. In terms of N application, tasselling (59) and silking (62) took more days when 150 and 200 kg N ha−1 was applied compared to the control. Compared to the control plots (83 days), 200 kg N delayed the milking stage by 10 days. A higher but statistically similar leaf count, leaf area and leaf area index were recorded with 150 and 200 kg N ha−1. The plant height of maize was also higher, with 150 (196 cm) and 200 kg N ha−1 (202 cm). Lastly, a higher fresh fodder and dry fodder yield was associated with 150 and 200 kg N ha−1. Based on these results, the Jumbo variety, with the application of 150 kg N ha−1, is recommended for cultivation for economic feasibility and to obtain a higher fodder yield of maize.
Keywords: dry fodder yield; fodder maize; fresh fodder yield.
Horizontal Flow Pilot Constructed Wetland for Dairy Wastewater Purification
Merima Toromanović, Jasmina Ibrahimpašić, Tibela Landeka Dragičević
ABSTRACT. Due to the natural energy sources used in constructed wetlands, minimal energy and chemicals are required for wastewater treatment. For the successful wastewater treatment via constructed wetlands, adequate pretreatment and a sufficient amount of oxygen are crucial. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat industrial wastewater, such as wastewater from the dairy industry, with prior degreasing. This study was conducted on a horizontal flow pilot constructed wetland located on a plot of land used by the Biotechnical Faculty in Bihać. The constructed wetland consisted of two fields planted with rushes (Typha latifolia) and reeds (Phragmites australis). The substrate and plants were not changed during the experimental period. We monitored the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment (wastewater from the dairy industry) by season, varying the flow rate as well as the hydraulic retention time of the water in the device. The quality of the influent and effluent was monitored by determining analytical parameters. The constructed wetland showed the highest efficiency in the summer period, with a hydraulic retention time of 6 days, with removal efficiencies of 98.03% for ammonia, 98.19% for total nitrogen, 95.27% for total phosphorous, 94.50% for COD and 97.73% for BOD5. The organic substance removal efficiency across all four seasons was 94.68%.
Keywords: constructed wetland; dairy wastewater; hydraulic retention time; organic matter.
Efficacy of Aqueous and Powdered Leaf Extracts Of Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae) and Ficus mucuso (Rosales: Moraceae) Botanicals on Root-Knot Nematode Infecting Watermelon in Kwara State, Nigeria
Oluropo Ayotunde Apalowo, Nkechi Betsy Izuogu, Halimat Shola Baba, Isaiah Olusesan Adepoju, C.M. Olajide, Muhammed Adewole Adeyemi, Olusegun Samuel Balogun
ABSTRACT. Watermelon production in Kwara State, Nigeria, is affected by root-knot nematode (RKN), as all varieties of the crop are susceptible. The aim of this study was to identify readily available and environmentally safe nematicides for the management of RKN. The field was located at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin and set out in a randomised complete block design, with four replications. Aqueous and powdered extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L) King and Robinson and Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho were applied alone and in combination. There were seven total treatments: C. odorata aqueous, F. mucuso aqueous, C. odorata powder, F. mucuso powder, C. odorata and F. mucuso aqueous, C. odorata and F. mucuso powder, and the control. Data were collected on growth, yield and nematode populations. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatments were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% level of significance. The essential oil of each botanical was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The vine length (185.61) and yield (2401.05) of plants treated with botanicals were significantly higher than those of the control at P<0.005. The nematode population was also significantly lower in plants treated with botanicals than in the control (318.30 and 230.00, first and second year, respectively) at P<0.005. Among the treatments, the combination of C. odorata and F. mucuso powders was the most effective, with higher growth and yield performance. The experiment showed that aqueous and powdered extracts of C. odorata and F. mucuso were effective in managing RKN in the field. Keywords: Botanicals; C. odorata; extracts; F. mucuso; watermelon.
Effect of Different Leonardite Doses and Cross-Sowing Methods on the Growth and Yield of Red Lentil
Betül Kolay, Ali Rıza Öztürkmen
ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different cross-sowing methods and different doses of leonardite on the growth of red lentils under rain-fed conditions. Treatments consisted of different cross-sowing methods (control, 45° cross-sowing and 90° cross-sowing) and different leonardite doses (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 kg ha−1). The trial was carried out in Diyarbakır province in Türkiye. The same rate of leonardite was applied to the same plots for two consecutive years to observe the two-year effect of leonardite in the experiment, which was established with four replications according to the factorial experimental design in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 production seasons. A positive effect of leonardite application was observed on the number of nodules and fresh root weight in the first production season. The highest nodule number (11.84) was obtained with 2500 kg ha−1 and the highest fresh root weight (0.24, 0.25 and 0.24 g) was obtained at 500, 1000 and 1500 kg ha−1 doses, respectively. The highest plant height, number of main branches, and number of pod parameters were obtained at a dose of 1500 kg ha−1 in the second production season (36.63 cm, 3.95 and 17.43, respectively). The highest grain yield (889.5 kg ha−1), dry root weight (0.125 g) and number of nodules (50.01) were obtained at a dose of 1000 kg ha−1 in the second production season. It was determined that different sowing methods did not affect grain yield in either production season.
Keywords: cross-sowing; leonardite; red lentils.
The Contributions of Wildlife to People’s Livelihoods and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Jesse Zvikonyaukwa, Kudakwashe Musengi, Clarice P. Mudzengi, Andrew Tapiwa Kugedera
ABSTRACT. Wildlife has the potential to support people’s livelihoods and economic development in many African countries. The objective of the review was to evaluate the potential contribution of wildlife to people’s livelihoods and economic development in Africa. Several databases were searched to identify articles that have explored the contributions of wildlife to people’s livelihoods and economic development. The results indicate that wildlife contributes both consumptive and non-consumptive resources towards people’s livelihoods, with bush meat being the greatest consumptive contribution and employment the greatest non-consumptive contribution. Revenue collected from tourists, trophy hunting, and game viewing have been used for infrastructure and rural development. However, wildlife has declined in many African countries due to land redistribution, drought, habitat fragmentation, human population growth, and illegal hunting. Setting up law enforcement agents and creating community-based wildlife management could restore the benefits of wildlife.
Keywords: bush meat; edible fruits; game viewing; trophy hunting; wildlife resources.
Latest Articles
Cover Story
Jellyfish (JF) are essential to marine ecosystems. However, JF that develop rapidly can have negative effects. On 3–4 August, 2022, a significant JF (Lobonemoides robustus Stiasny, 1920) bloom was observed along the Cox’s Bazar coast in Bangladesh (from Najdirartek to Sabrang). The goal of the current investigation was to identify the fatty acids (FAs) and amino acids (AAs) of L. robustus. The AAs were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, while the FAs were determined using a gas chromatographic system with a flame ionisation detector. The most prevalent AA was glycine. The most common FA was linoleic acid (C18:3) (0.43%), followed by myristic acid (0.12%), cis-9-oleic acid (0.18%), gamma-linolenic acid (0.24%), and heptadecanoic acid (0.29%). Based on its high AA and FA contents, L. robustus is a great candidate for the potentially sustainable manufacture of nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and biomedical natural products to improve health and well-being. In addition, the edible L. robustus could be exported to other countries for use as the bloom species, thus playing a major role in achieving a blue economy (see page 107).
Extraction and Characterisation of Natural Dye From Orange Peel for Textile Applications
Usman Habu Taura, Muhammad Abbagoni Abubakar, Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar, Mohammed Umar Kurgiya
ABSTRACT. Awareness of the need to protect the environment and people’s health has led to an intensification of concerns for obtaining sustainable products and processes. Toxic waste created during the production and use of synthetic dyes has an impact on both human and environmental health. As a result, natural dyes are more secure and safer than synthetic dyes. This study is significant because it has the potential to help develop sustainable and environmentally friendly textile dyeing techniques. In this study, a natural dye was successfully extracted from orange peel (Citrus recticulata Rutaceae) which was applied on textile fibre and was found to be partly effective for eco-friendly dyeing applications. The extracted dye does not have a good wash fastness, which is the ability of the fabric to retain its colour after washing. This weakness is demonstrated by carrying out a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis where the potential binding mechanisms between the dye and the textile fibres was revealed. Different functional groups can interact with the fibre’s functional groups, affecting the dye’s affinity for the fabric and its overall colour fastness properties. Findings show that dyes from orange peels showed promise in this study, but need to be improved further. Therefore, the study suggests that further research is needed to optimize the dyeing process and improve the fabric’s resistance to washing and other environmental factors.
Keywords: mordant; natural dye; orange peel; synthetic dye; textile industry.
Correction: Usman Habu TAURA’s affiliation has been changed from Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maiduguri, P. M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria in Oil and Gas Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, 123, according to supporting document Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment_affiliation correction justification
Assessment of Sensitivity to Desertification in the Oum Er-Rbia Watershed (Upstream of Ouled Sidi Driss) Using The Medalus Approach
Souad Ourabit, Abderrahim Ettaqy, Mohamed El Ghachi
ABSTRACT. The issue of desertification is a pressing concern for many vulnerable regions, with consequences that extend far beyond their borders. It is a silent force that not only contributes to global climate change by releasing stored carbon from vegetation and soil but also compounds the ongoing environmental challenges we face on a global scale. In Morocco, the effects of these climate changes are already noticeable, particularly in terms of water scarcity due to reduced rainfall and rising temperatures. This, in turn, leads to soil drying and an increased risk of degradation. The Oum Er-Rbia watershed (upstream of Ouled Sidi Driss) is one of the basins affected by this issue, covering an area of 11,152 km² and spanning three topographic units (the Middle Atlas Mountains, the Phosphate Plateau and the Tadla Plain). This topographic diversity causes regional variation in the sensitivity to desertification. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the sensitivity to desertification in this watershed by using the MEDALUS model (Mediterranean desertification and land use), which calculates the Desertification Sensitivity Index (DSI) through the composition of four indices: the Soil Quality Index (SQI), the Vegetation Quality Index (VQI), the Climate Quality Index (CQI) and the Land Use Quality Index (LUQI). The results show that the critical and highly sensitive zones represent 44% and are located at the northeast and west ends of the watershed. By contrast, the unaffected zones represent 12% of the total area of the watershed and correspond to the upstream area, where the climate, vegetation and land use systems are of good quality, providing effective protection for the land. To reduce the impact of this phenomenon, we have proposed some potentially impactful development actions based on land use and the results obtained.
Keywords: climate change; desertification sensitivity; drought; MEDALUS; Oum Er-Rbia watershed.
Growth Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Economics of Red Sokoto Bucks Fed Saccharomyces Cerevisiae-Treated Groundnut Haulm and Dried Cassava Peel-Based Diets
Ahmad Rufai Musa, Olayinka John Makinde, Aminu Maidala, Ahmed Bishir, Kakudi Ismail Abubakar, Kosoro Ahmad Mua’zu, Ismaila Habiba Abdullahi, Yakubu Zakari Idrissa, Charles Hannatu, Muhammad Hamisu Zango
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the growth performance, nitrogen balance, and economics of production of Red Sokoto bucks (RSBs) fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae-treated, biodegradable groundnut haulms (SCGH) and dried cassava peels (DCP). Four dietary treatments were formulated including a control diet (T1; 0% SCGH:DCP) and DCP in combination with SCGH at the different proportions of 275:695 (T2), 375:595 (T3), and 475:495 (T4) g/kg of dry matter (DM). A combination of 5 g and 50 g of yeast as a probiotic and molasses, respectively, were added to 1 kg of GH after been dissolved in 1 L of water. Twelve healthy RSBs weighing 9.5 ± 0.40 kg of body weight (BW) and aged 7 to 8 months were exposed to four treatments. This was replicated three times in a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment lasted for 90 days. The average final weight, average daily weight gain (gram/day), nitrogen intake, and nitrogen balance were significantly influenced by the inclusion of DCP and SCGH in the diets. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the ADG of T1 (58.20 g/d) and the T4 (58.89 g/d) groups. Feed conversion ratio and feed-cost saving ($630.80) increased with the inclusion of DCP and SCGH in the goats’ diets. In conclusion, T4 (SCGH: 475g, DCP: 495g) had a better chemical composition, ADG, nitrogen balance, and feed-cost saving; therefore, SCGH are recommended and are readily available agricultural wastes that can be fed to RSBs to improve performance and nitrogen utilization in a cost-effective way, especially during dry season.
Keywords: bucks; cassava peels; nitrogen balance; probiotics; yeast.
First Report of The Amino Acid And Fatty Acid Composition of Jellyfish (Lobonemoides Robustus Stiasny, 1920) Collected During Jellyfish Bloom Along the Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bangladesh
Tarikul Islam, Simul Bhuyan, Mala Khan, Mrityunjoy Kunda, Sumi Akter, Nayan Kumer Kundu
ABSTRACT. Jellyfish (JF) are essential to marine ecosystems. However, JF that increases rapidly can have negative effects. On 3-4 August 2022, a significant JF (Lobonemoides robustus Stiasny, 1920) bloom was observed along Cox’s Bazar coast (from Najdirartek to Sabrang) in Bangladesh. The goal of the current investigation was to identify the fatty acids (FAs) and amino acids (AAs) of L. robustus. The AAs were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, while the FAs were determined using a gas chromatographic system with a flame ionisation detector. The most prevalent AA was glycine. The most common FA was linoleic acid (C18:3) (0.43%), followed by myristic acid (0.12%), cis-9-oleic acid (0.18%), gamma-linolenic acid (0.24%), and heptadecanoic acid (0.29%). Based on its AA and FA contents, L. robustus can be a great candidate for the potentially sustainable manufacture of nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and biomedical natural products to improve health and well-being. In addition, the edible L. robustus could be exported to other countries, thus way it can play a major role in achieving a blue economy.
Keywords: amino acids; bloom; blue economy; fatty acids; jellyfish.
Foliar Zinc and Soil Applied Molybdenum Optimize Yield and Dry Matter Partitioning of Lentil
Shams Ur Rehman, Uzair Ahmed, Ayesha Zahoor, Zia Ur Rahman, Ikram Ullah, Salman Khan, Rizwan Ali, Osama Muhammad Jafar, Muhammad Taimoor, Aamir Sohail, Sajid Ali
ABSTRACT. A field experiment on the effect of zinc and molybdenum application on the yield of lentil was carried out at The University of Agriculture Peshawar during the Rabi season of 2021. The experiment was carried out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Four levels of molybdenum (0, 1, 2 and 3 kg ha−1) and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at different intervals of lentil crop (control, 50 days after sowing, 100 days after sowing, 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing) were tested in the experiment. The results revealed that 3 kg ha−1 of molybdenum enhanced plant height (55 cm), nodules plant−1 (25), branches plant−1 (7), days to flowering (107) and maturity (159), dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (64 g m−2), dry matter of leaves at the maturity stage (113 g m−2), dry matter of branches at the physiological maturity stage (304 g m−2), dry matter of pods at the maturity stage (439 g m−2), pods plant−1 (92), seeds pod−1 (2.0), 1000-seed weight (31 g), biological yield (3207 kg ha−1), and seed yield (1002 kg ha−1). Zinc foliar spray (0.5%) at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of lentil crop improved the dry matter of leaves at the flowering stage (62 g m−2), days to first flowering (109), days to physiological maturity (157), dry matter of leaves at the physiological maturity stage (111 g m−2), dry matter of pods at the physiological maturity stage (435 g m−2), pods plant−1 (91), 1000 seed weight (32 g), biological yield (3236 kg ha−1) and seed yield (1026 kg ha−1). Lastly, scatterplots revealed a significant correlation of grain and biological yield with their components. It is concluded that molybdenum application at a rate of 3 kg ha−1 and 0.5% zinc foliar spray at 50 days after sowing + 100 days after sowing of the lentil crop increased seed yield and is thus recommended for the Peshawar region.
Keywords: correlation; cropping system; fertilisation; Lens culinaris L.
Estimation of Heritability, Genotypic Variability and Correlations Analysis for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits Among Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
Mansoor Javed, Akbar Ali, Muhammad Kashif, Muhammad Ali, Saif Ullah, Ayesha Alam
ABSTRACT. To find out genetic variability, heritability, and trait association among yield and yield-related traits among bread wheat genotypes, an alpha lattice design was used in triplicate manner where 50 wheat genotypes were evaluated at the University of Agriculture Peshawar during rabbi growing season 2021-22 along with a regional check genotype. Data were taken on ten parameters. All the genotypes showed significant variation among them, signifying the possibility of enhancing genetic improvement through breeding programs. Highly significant differences were found in days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, grain filling duration, number of grains per spike, biological yield and grain yield these traits indicating diversity in yield potential. Moderate to low heritability values were noted for most of the traits. The study exhibits positive correlations for plant height with grain yield, spike length with biological yield and harvest index with grain yield. On the basis of high heritability and positive correlation of grain yield with other traits, it is recommended that G-41, G-3, G-12, G-37, G-34 and G-14 genotypes which have the potential to be incorporate in further breeding programs.
Keywords: correlation; crop improvement; heritability; quantitative genetics; variability; wheat breeding; wheat genotypes.
Preliminary Studies on Some Morpho-Structural and Biochemical Characterisation of Some Genotypes of Vitis vinifera L. Cultivated in Northeast Romania
Liliana Rotaru, Vasile Răzvan Filimon, Roxana Mihaela Filimon, Mihai Mustea, Roberto Renato Bernardis, Lucia Cintia Colibaba
ABSTRACT. The monitoring of new grapevine varieties with superior agrobiological and technological characteristics, in relation to the evolution of the climatic factors, represents an important and continuous objective of the worldwide viticultural research and breeding programs. Observations and determinations of the current study were performed on 11 new table grapes varieties created in Romania, growing in the Ampelographic collection of the University of Life Sciences Iasi, north-eastern area of Romania. The grapevine varieties were evaluated under the morpho-structural aspect, regarding the leaf area, the average weight of the grapes, the number and weight of the berries, rachis weight, the number and weight of the seeds, the weight of the skin and pulp, calculating the main technological indices. From a biochemical point of view, the content of photosynthetic pigments in leaves, the concentration of soluble dry solids and titratable acidity of the grapes were determined in the climatic condition of the Copou – Iasi vineyard. Therefore, the monitoring of genetic resources provides useful data for grape producers and researchers regarding the integration of new table grape varieties into the viticultural ecosystems, evaluating their yield and quality in correlation with the evolution and influence of the climatic factors.
Keywords: agrobiological and technological value; autochthonous grapevine variety; chemical composition; genetic resources; physico-structural characterization.
Aspects of the Contribution of the Leader Approach to Rural Development in Romania. Case Study: North-East Development Region
Carmen-Olguța Brezuleanu, Mădălina-Maria Brezuleanu, Roxana Mihalache, Irina Susanu, Diana Elena Creangă, Elena Ungureanu
ABSTRACT. Rural development is the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (EU), with the role of helping the rural areas of the EU and implicitly Romania to address the economic, environmental, and social challenges they face. The purpose of the research included in this paper is to demonstrate the contribution of the LEADER approach to rural development in Romania, with an emphasis on the North-East Development Region. At the same time, the aim was to highlight the innovative nature of this approach: what it means, how it can be applied, and how it was applied. The data studied through the analysis carried out show that the Romanian territory and, implicitly, the North-East Development Region is poor, fragmented, depopulated, or in the process of depopulating, with few opportunities for young people. The innovative character of the LEADER Programme in Romania and implicitly the North-East Development Region results from the degree of novelty that an investment financed through it brings to the targeted territory, without being limiting and without necessarily presupposing a technological innovation, because the innovation must be evaluated relative to the local situation. The main instrument through which the principles of the LEADER approach can be implemented is the Local Action Group. It is the main driving force behind the activities to be carried out in the territory and which will lead to their implementation. The Local Action Groups set up in the North-East Region provide a common communication framework for local communities to develop and implement Local Development Strategies by initiating, developing and financing projects at local level. They contribute to the unity of local communities and their participation in local development. LEADER approach has brought and how its innovative character is highlighted. The questions that informed its development were: Is this concept considered as a model for sustainable rural development in Romania and the N-E Region? Is LEADER a truly innovative approach. In order to achieve the proposed goal, a multi-step working procedure was developed to allow the collection of target data and additional data derived from the initial target data. Thus, the working procedure was structured in the following steps: problem identification and conceptualization, literature review, document structuring, strategy selection, operational planning, data calculation, and interpretation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this work. Thus, from a quantitative point of view, the following research methods were considered relevant for obtaining data: administrative data analysis. As a qualitative method, a bibliometric analysis was carried out, i.e., the literature on sustainable rural development through the use of support measures was analysed by means of the VOSviewer programme, using the Web of Science collections database. Without the implementation of the LEADER Programme in Romania and implicitly in the North-East Development Region, rural areas may be deprived of funding that determines the improvement of conditions in that area, but efforts in the field of implementing sustainable rural development measures must be continued so that the effect of this funding is really visible. Thus, the results of the research carried out in the North-East Development Region of Romania add additional value to the information published in previous studies through proposals for rural reform and concrete examples of innovative projects implemented there.
Keywords: LEADER; local action group; North-East Development Region; Romania; rural development.
Raw Bovine Milk as a Reservoir of Multi-Drug Resistant, Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella
Achintya Mahanti, Siddhartha Narayan Joardar, Samiran Bandyopadhyay, Jaydeep Banerjee, Sarbaswarup Ghosh, Tapan Kumar Dutta, Indranil Samanta
ABSTRACT. The transmission of zoonotic bacteria through consumption of raw milk is complicated by the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The present study was conducted to detect the occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ESBL-/AmpC-producing Klebsiella spp.) in cow’s milk originating from healthy or infected (mastitis) cattle in India. In total, 450 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cattle and cattle suffering from clinical or sub-clinical mastitis. Out of 455 Klebsiella spp., 67 (14.73%) isolates were found to be ESBL producers in the double-disc diffusion test. The occurrence of ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in milk samples collected from cattle suffering with mastitis than in healthy cattle. Among the ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp., 56 (83.6%) isolates were also detected that produced AmpC β-lactamases. All the ESBL and AmpC-producing Klebsiella spp. possessed blaCTX-M (100%) and blaAmpC (100%), respectively. The present study revealed a higher occurrence of class 1 integron in ESBL-producing Klebsiella spp. isolates. All ESBL-producing- Klebsiella spp. isolates were multi-drug resistant. The ciprofloxacin- and/or levofloxacin-resistant Klebsiella spp. isolates possessed the quinolone resistance gene (qnrS). The co-trimoxazole-resistant isolates possessed the sul1 and sul2 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the studied isolates revealed that strains isolated from the same location had a clonal relationship. The study increases consumer awareness of the need to avoid raw milk consumption to prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the community.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; ESBL; Klebsiella; MIC; raw milk.
Cover story
Watermelon production is affected by root-knot nematode (RKN), as all varieties of the crop are susceptible. Studies have been conducted to identify readily available and environmentally safe nematicides for the management of RKN. Aqueous and powdered extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L) King and Robinson and Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho were applied alone and in combination. All data collected on growth, yield and nematode populations were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatments were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% level of significance. Among the treatments, the combination of C. odorata and F. mucuso powders was the most effective, with higher growth and yield performance. The experiment showed that aqueous and powdered extracts of C. odorata and F. mucuso were effective in managing RKN in the field (see page 527)
Unveiling the Nature of Carbon Decomposition on Different Organic Manure Sources: The Impact of Temperature Regimes in A Subtropical Climate
Abu Taher, Anwarul Islam Mondol, Harun Or Rashid, Muhammad Khairul Alam, Akhter Hossain Chowdhury, Sharif Ahmed
ABSTRACT. Organic sources are vital for crop nutrient management, but nutrient release from organic manure depends on temperature and other factors. We conducted a laboratory incubation study to investigate how temperature (15, 25, 35°C) affects the decomposition of common organic manure, which has not yet been explored in Bangladesh. The organic manures used in this study are poultry manure (PM), vermicompost (VC), bio-slurry (BS), cow dung (CD), water hyacinth compost (WHC) and rice straw compost (RSC), which were compared with a control treatment (only soil). Carbon mineralisation and CO2 emission from microbial respiration varied among organic manures and temperature regimes. The RSC- and WHC-treated soils had a higher C mineralisation than the other manures at 35°C. The mineralisation of C among the organic manures followed the order: RSC > WHC > CD > VC > BS > PM > control. Among the temperature regimes, C mineralisation followed the order 35°C > 25°C > 15°C. Manure mineralisation was associated with mineralisable C pools (carbon availability factor, Caf), and 16.4–36.5% organic C was released. Irrespective of temperature regimes, the highest easily mineralisable Caf was recorded in PM-amended soil, followed by VC-amended soil. RSC had the lowest Caf under all temperature regimes. The Caf values of all incubated manures were higher under a 35°C temperature regime. Compost preparation from organic manure and its utilisation as an integrated nutrient management component can play essential roles in mitigating climate change, reducing environmental degradation, and building more sustainable and resilient agrifood systems.
Keywords: carbon cycling; climate research; eco-friendly farming; nutrient reactivity; organic carbon shifts.
Physiological Particularities of Maize Plants and the Effect of Some Antioxidants Under Conditions of Moderate Drought
Anastasia Ștefîrță, Ion Bulhac, Lilia Brînză, Maria Cocu, Vera Zubareva
ABSTRACT. Complex investigation on the effect of Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet compositions on water status, intensity of photosynthesis, water use efficiency, growth and yield of ‘P458’ maize plants under conditions of natural humidity in field trials was performed. The beneficial effect of seed and foliage pre-treatment with Thiourea, Galmet and, in particular, the new chemical composition Thiogalmet on plants’ biological processes conditioning a better realisation of the physiological processes associated with plant growth and productivity was established. A significantly greater positive impact of Thiogalmet on the optimisation of hydration degree, water retention capacity, stomatal conductance for CO2/H2O, assimilation, water use efficiency, plant growth and productivity was recorded. There was an additive action of Thiourea and Galmet in the composition of the Tiogalmet preparation. Thiogalmet increased the yield per unit area and improved the commercial quality of the grain. Treating plants with Thiourea, Galmet and Thiogalmet ensured a 27.20, 52.08 and 68.20% yield increase, respectively, compared to the plants in the control variant. Therefore, a major effect was registered in the plants treated with the new composition. The obtained information demonstrates the possibility of mitigating the adverse effects of drought on the physiological response and production by applying antioxidants.
Keywords: growth; photosynthesis; physiologically active substances; plants; productivity; resistance; transpiration
Utilisation and Contribution of Forest Resources to Improve Food Security in Dry Regions of Africa
Andrew Tapiwa Kugedera, Letticia Kudzai Kokerai, Nyasha Sakadzo, Emmerson Chivhenge, Taona Museva
ABSTRACT. The unsustainable harvest of forest resources in dry regions of Africa has contributed to forest degradation and increased the prices of forest resources in local markets. Many people in dry regions, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, have been harvesting forest resources to supplement food sources due to poor crop production as a result of erratic rainfall. This review seeks to explore the utilisation and contribution of forest resources to improving food security in the dry regions of Africa. Forest resources are highly utilised by poor resource farmers in rural areas as a means of poverty alleviation, income generation and to improve human livelihoods. Resources such as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) contribute to human nutrition, income generation, food sources and to improve living standards. NTFPs, such as honey, waxes and medicines, have been reported to contribute income in countries, such as Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, creating more opportunities for rural people to improve their living standards and reduce food insecurity. These resources contribute to hidden hunger though the utilisation of fruit, vegetables, honey, wild meat and edible worms, especially to the children under five years of age. Climate change has also created variability in the availability of forest resources in dry regions, and this has altered their contribution to human livelihoods and food security.
Keywords: edible worms; human nutrition; indigenous fruits; medicine; non-timber forest products.
Effect of Salicylic Acid Application on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Yield and Fibre Quality
Rukiye Kiliç, Çetin Karademir
ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the effect of SA (salicylic acid) application on the yield, yield components, and fibre quality characteristics of cotton at different growth stages (squaring, flowering and squaring + flowering). The experiment was carried out at Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crop’s experimental area during the 2022 cotton growing season. The experimental design was a split-plot design with four replications. The main plot and sub-plots consisted of SA applications [Control (0.0 mM), squaring (1.0 mM), flowering (1.0 mM), squaring (0.5 mM) + flowering (0.5 mM)] and varieties (MAY 455, Stoneville 468, Fiona), respectively. SA application and variety interactions were significant in terms of the first boll opening days and the number of nodes. There were significant differences between varieties, except for the number of monopodial branches, number of bolls, chlorophyll content value, normalised difference vegetation index value, and micronaire and fibre strength. The MAY 455 cotton variety had the highest values in terms of seed cotton yield (2993.1 kg ha-1) plant height (62.14 cm), boll weight (6.51 g), seed cotton weight per boll (4.90 g), number of seeds per boll (29.46), number of nodes to first fruiting branch (8.65), fibre yield (1361.0 kg ha−1) and 100-seed weight (8.82 g), while the Fiona variety came to the fore in terms of number of days to first boll opening (118.0 d), number of sympodial branches (7.56), number of nodes per plant (17.79), ginning percentage (46.45%), fibre length (828.52 mm) and fibre reflectance (82.18 Rd). There was a slight increase in yield (223.8 kg ha−1) compared to the control. SA application may show different effects on each cotton variety, and the positive effect may increase by applying SA at different intervals.
Keywords: cotton; fibre quality; growth; physiology; salicylic acid; yield.
The Realization of Systematic Cadastre Works in the Perspective of the Sustainable Development of the Vineyard and Fruit-Growing Sector in Romania
Cristian Huțanu, Oprea Radu
ABSTRACT. In order to develop the vineyard and orchard sector in Romania from a sustainable point of view, the European Union primarily finances plantations with native varieties. To be able to talk about sustainable development and environmental protection, GIS systems should be structured by fields of activity and become an interface between man and nature. The integration of these projects within the systematic cadastre work would have the effect of obtaining a better reassessment of the agricultural potential of the area. Thus, the “Vasile Adamachi” didactic farm of the Iasi University of Life Sciences has reconfigured the cadastral plots, currently occupying a total area of 16.1 ha with vines and 12.2 ha with fruit trees. This project to modernise the vineyard/fruit-growing plantations was realised from the rehabilitation funds of the European Union, through the Payments and Intervention Agency for Agriculture. The creation by the Cadastre and Real Estate Publicity Agency of an integrated cadastre and land book system, as a “multipurpose” type system within the National Cadastre and Land Book Program, would help the Payments and Intervention Agency for Agriculture to identify agricultural real estate, which includes vineyards/fruit trees, and would encourage the owners of such plantations to access projects from the European Union funds for the modernisation, maintenance in good condition or expansion of vineyard and fruit-growing. Also, the technical-legal situation of the existing real estate at the administrative-territorial unit level could be obtained in real time.
Keywords: systematic cadastre works; tabulated agricultural real estate; vineyard and fruit- growing cadastral plots.
Prevalence and Characterisation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases and Plasmid-Mediated Quinolones Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Companion Animals
Andreea Paula Cozma, Iulia Elena Măciucă, Cristina Mihaela Rîmbu, Ioana Crivei, Șerban Moroșan, Lucia Carmen Trincă, Dorina Timofte
ABSTRACT. Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence of Enterobacterales producing beta-lactamase (TEM, SHV, OXA) or extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), as well as plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones (PMQR) (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS) in companion animals from the northeast region of Romania. A total of 124 faecal samples were collected aseptically from healthy dogs attending the veterinary practice for vaccination and cultivated on Brilliance ESBL medium (Oxoid, UK). The ESBL production testing was performed using the combination disc test. The identification of Enterobacterales strains was achieved using molecular identification and based on biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Identification of genes encoding for beta-lactamase enzymes and genes encoding plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones was performed by PCR according to the protocols previously described. After ESBL screening, 31 (31/124; 25%) extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Enterobacterales were obtained, and 67.74% (21/31) of them were confirmed as ESBL-producers. Regarding the Enterobacterales species, 27 (27/31; 87.1%) were Escherichia coli and 4 (4/31; 12.9%) strains were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Among the ESBL-producing isolates, the blaCTX-M-1 gene group was predominant (58.82%), followed by the blaCTX-M-9 group (41.18%). The blaTEM, blaSHV and blaOXA gene groups were identified in 54.83%, 29.03% and 3.22% of the analysed strains, respectively. The prevalence of PMQR genes was 22.58% and consisted only of qnrS (19.35%) and qnrA (3.22%) genes. The prevalence of ESBL strains related to the total number of analysed samples was 16.93% (21/124). The findings show a significant prevalence of ESBLs and PMQR genes in Enterobacterales strains isolated from the faeces of healthy dogs, implying that pets may pose a risk of transmitting ESBL strains to other animals or owners.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; companion animals; ESBL genes.
Abstract published in Conference Programme dedicated to LIFE SCIENCES TODAY FOR TOMORROW
Comparing Fodder Production of Maize Varieties under Varied Nitrogen Levels
Haseeb Ahmad, Uzair Ahmed, Ikram Ullah, Hamza Masud
ABSTRACT. Maize (Zea mays L.) plays a significant role as a fodder crop, supporting rural populations and livestock. Unfortunately, in Pakistan, there is a shortage of green fodder due to the unbalanced use of fertiliser and improper selection of maize varieties for fodder production. This research aimed to address the need for quality fodder by studying the effects of nitrogen (N) on new maize varieties, ultimately enhancing livestock production and agricultural sustainability. The experiment took place in the summer of 2022 at the Cereal Crop Research Institute in Pakistan. Adopting an RCB design with three replications, fodder maize varieties (Jalal, Kaptan and Jumbo) were tested with four N levels (0, 100, 150, 200 kg N ha−1) applied during sowing, knee (V4), and silking stages. The data upon analysis revealed that different maize varieties had a significant impact on the studied parameters. Maize varieties affected days to tasselling and silking, with the Jumbo variety recording the longest duration (59 and 62, respectively). Similar results were observed for days to milking, with the Jumbo variety taking the longest time (80 days). It also recorded a higher leaf number (11.5), leaf area (478 cm−2) and leaf area index (3.4). Fresh fodder (67,777 kg ha−1) and dry fodder yield (23,424 kg ha−1) were higher for the Jumbo variety. In terms of N application, tasselling (59) and silking (62) took more days when 150 and 200 kg N ha−1 was applied compared to the control. Compared to the control plots (83 days), 200 kg N delayed the milking stage by 10 days. A higher but statistically similar leaf count, leaf area and leaf area index were recorded with 150 and 200 kg N ha−1. The plant height of maize was also higher, with 150 (196 cm) and 200 kg N ha−1 (202 cm). Lastly, a higher fresh fodder and dry fodder yield was associated with 150 and 200 kg N ha−1. Based on these results, the Jumbo variety, with the application of 150 kg N ha−1, is recommended for cultivation for economic feasibility and to obtain a higher fodder yield of maize.
Keywords: dry fodder yield; fodder maize; fresh fodder yield.
Horizontal Flow Pilot Constructed Wetland for Dairy Wastewater Purification
Merima Toromanović, Jasmina Ibrahimpašić, Tibela Landeka Dragičević
ABSTRACT. Due to the natural energy sources used in constructed wetlands, minimal energy and chemicals are required for wastewater treatment. For the successful wastewater treatment via constructed wetlands, adequate pretreatment and a sufficient amount of oxygen are crucial. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat industrial wastewater, such as wastewater from the dairy industry, with prior degreasing. This study was conducted on a horizontal flow pilot constructed wetland located on a plot of land used by the Biotechnical Faculty in Bihać. The constructed wetland consisted of two fields planted with rushes (Typha latifolia) and reeds (Phragmites australis). The substrate and plants were not changed during the experimental period. We monitored the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment (wastewater from the dairy industry) by season, varying the flow rate as well as the hydraulic retention time of the water in the device. The quality of the influent and effluent was monitored by determining analytical parameters. The constructed wetland showed the highest efficiency in the summer period, with a hydraulic retention time of 6 days, with removal efficiencies of 98.03% for ammonia, 98.19% for total nitrogen, 95.27% for total phosphorous, 94.50% for COD and 97.73% for BOD5. The organic substance removal efficiency across all four seasons was 94.68%.
Keywords: constructed wetland; dairy wastewater; hydraulic retention time; organic matter.
Efficacy of Aqueous and Powdered Leaf Extracts Of Chromolaena odorata (Asterales: Asteraceae) and Ficus mucuso (Rosales: Moraceae) Botanicals on Root-Knot Nematode Infecting Watermelon in Kwara State, Nigeria
Oluropo Ayotunde Apalowo, Nkechi Betsy Izuogu, Halimat Shola Baba, Isaiah Olusesan Adepoju, C.M. Olajide, Muhammed Adewole Adeyemi, Olusegun Samuel Balogun
ABSTRACT. Watermelon production in Kwara State, Nigeria, is affected by root-knot nematode (RKN), as all varieties of the crop are susceptible. The aim of this study was to identify readily available and environmentally safe nematicides for the management of RKN. The field was located at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ilorin and set out in a randomised complete block design, with four replications. Aqueous and powdered extracts of Chromolaena odorata (L) King and Robinson and Ficus mucuso Welw. ex Ficalho were applied alone and in combination. There were seven total treatments: C. odorata aqueous, F. mucuso aqueous, C. odorata powder, F. mucuso powder, C. odorata and F. mucuso aqueous, C. odorata and F. mucuso powder, and the control. Data were collected on growth, yield and nematode populations. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatments were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5% level of significance. The essential oil of each botanical was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The vine length (185.61) and yield (2401.05) of plants treated with botanicals were significantly higher than those of the control at P<0.005. The nematode population was also significantly lower in plants treated with botanicals than in the control (318.30 and 230.00, first and second year, respectively) at P<0.005. Among the treatments, the combination of C. odorata and F. mucuso powders was the most effective, with higher growth and yield performance. The experiment showed that aqueous and powdered extracts of C. odorata and F. mucuso were effective in managing RKN in the field. Keywords: Botanicals; C. odorata; extracts; F. mucuso; watermelon.
Effect of Different Leonardite Doses and Cross-Sowing Methods on the Growth and Yield of Red Lentil
Betül Kolay, Ali Rıza Öztürkmen
ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the effect of different cross-sowing methods and different doses of leonardite on the growth of red lentils under rain-fed conditions. Treatments consisted of different cross-sowing methods (control, 45° cross-sowing and 90° cross-sowing) and different leonardite doses (0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 kg ha−1). The trial was carried out in Diyarbakır province in Türkiye. The same rate of leonardite was applied to the same plots for two consecutive years to observe the two-year effect of leonardite in the experiment, which was established with four replications according to the factorial experimental design in the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 production seasons. A positive effect of leonardite application was observed on the number of nodules and fresh root weight in the first production season. The highest nodule number (11.84) was obtained with 2500 kg ha−1 and the highest fresh root weight (0.24, 0.25 and 0.24 g) was obtained at 500, 1000 and 1500 kg ha−1 doses, respectively. The highest plant height, number of main branches, and number of pod parameters were obtained at a dose of 1500 kg ha−1 in the second production season (36.63 cm, 3.95 and 17.43, respectively). The highest grain yield (889.5 kg ha−1), dry root weight (0.125 g) and number of nodules (50.01) were obtained at a dose of 1000 kg ha−1 in the second production season. It was determined that different sowing methods did not affect grain yield in either production season.
Keywords: cross-sowing; leonardite; red lentils.
The Contributions of Wildlife to People’s Livelihoods and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa
Jesse Zvikonyaukwa, Kudakwashe Musengi, Clarice P. Mudzengi, Andrew Tapiwa Kugedera
ABSTRACT. Wildlife has the potential to support people’s livelihoods and economic development in many African countries. The objective of the review was to evaluate the potential contribution of wildlife to people’s livelihoods and economic development in Africa. Several databases were searched to identify articles that have explored the contributions of wildlife to people’s livelihoods and economic development. The results indicate that wildlife contributes both consumptive and non-consumptive resources towards people’s livelihoods, with bush meat being the greatest consumptive contribution and employment the greatest non-consumptive contribution. Revenue collected from tourists, trophy hunting, and game viewing have been used for infrastructure and rural development. However, wildlife has declined in many African countries due to land redistribution, drought, habitat fragmentation, human population growth, and illegal hunting. Setting up law enforcement agents and creating community-based wildlife management could restore the benefits of wildlife.
Keywords: bush meat; edible fruits; game viewing; trophy hunting; wildlife resources.
