Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment (ALSE) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal on Agricultural, Horticultural and Animal Sciences, Food Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Environmental Management in the field of Applied Life Sciences, published quarterly online and in print by “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS).
Latest Articles
Woody plant diversity and carbon stocks of live hedges in highly degraded areas in the western highlands of Cameroon
Lily Ervige Voumo, Cédric Chimi Djomo, Ariane Sorelle Kitio Zangue, Roger Bruno Tabue Mbobda, Louis Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho, Jules Romain Ngueguim, Nyong Princely Awazi, Louis Zapfack
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583187
ABSTRACT. In the highlands agroecological zone of Cameroon, natural landscapes have disappeared in favour of other land use types, including live hedges (LHs), which are among the relics used to preserve biodiversity and enhance resilience to global change. However, the contribution of LHs to resilience remains unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterise plant diversity and carbon stocks in LHs, emphasising their typology. Trees with diameters ≥ 5 cm were collected from 132 LHs of 50 m each along a linear system, i.e. a total sampled area of 6.6 km (16.5 ha). LH carbon stocks were estimated using allometric equations. Five LH types were identified, namely Eucalyptus hedge, Markhamia hedge, Podocarpus hedge, fir/pine hedge and mixed hedge. A total of 79 species belonging to 58 genera and 31 families were identified in the LHs, with 8 (10%) being threatened according to the IUCN Red List. The species richness was significantly different between LHs (Kruskal–Wallis, p ˂ 0.001), with the mixed LH having the most diversity (65 species). The Shannon–Wiener index showed low plant diversity in the LHs. Carbon stocks were estimated at 134.25 tC.km−1 (54.10tC.ha−1), which was significantly different among LHs (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.0001). Given the potential of LHs in terms of diversity and carbon storage, emphasis should be placed on monitoring this agroforestry practice to ensure its sustainability and, thus, enhance its contribution to global change mitigation and payments for environmental services.
Keywords: biodiversity; carbon stockage; degraded landscapes; live hedge; typology.
Optimisation of the performance of a cleaning-type teff thresher using response surface methodology
Tasfaye Abeye Aseffa, Tamirat Nurgie Lema, Dereje Anawte Alemu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583186
ABSTRACT. Traditional teff threshing methods are labour intensive, inefficient and prone to considerable post-harvest losses. To address these limitations, a mechanical teff thresher was designed and developed. However, the initial prototype demonstrated suboptimal threshing performance and cleaning efficiency. This study aimed to optimise the performance of the developed teff thresher through the application of empirical modelling and response surface methodology. The optimisation focused on the threshing unit, particularly the drum length and diameter. The machine was fabricated from mild steel, angle iron, aluminium and round bar materials. Based on structural analysis, the total stress was 0.6776 MPa, the maximum shear stress was 0.00013242 MPa and the equivalent (Von Mises) stress was 16.126 kPa. Performance was evaluated at three drum speeds (1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm) and three feed rates (620, 660, and 700 kg/h), under a concave clearance of 0.03 m and a grain moisture content of 14%. A split-plot experimental design was employed, generating 27 observations that were analysed using the Design-Expert software. The results indicated that both drum speed and feed rate significantly influenced threshing performance. The maximum threshing capacity of 287.3 kg/h was achieved at a drum speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 700 kg/h, representing an improvement from the baseline capacity of 187.5 kg/h. Increasing both drum speed and the feed rate within the studied range markedly enhanced the threshing efficiency and throughput of the machine. The optimised operating conditions are recommended to maximise the performance of the teff thresher.
Keywords: optimisation; response surface methodology; thresher.
Assessment of rice processing and marketing practices: the case of Nigeria
Dorcas Lola Alabi, Olusesan Michael Awoleye, Kehinde Adekunbi Taiwo, Tunde Afolabi Morakinyo, Olasunkanmi Gbadamosi, Babatunde Olawoye, Oyebanji Olubunmi Alagbo, Olufemi Koya, Charles Taiwo Akanbi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583185
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the category of scale-level rice processing across selected states in different geopolitical zones in Nigeria, factors motivating participation in rice processing, the characteristics of rice processing enterprises, and the marketing outlets employed for the distribution and sale of finished rice products. In October 2023, 168 rice processors were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with simple descriptive statistics being employed in the data analysis. The results showed that most microprocessors (80.0%) and small-scale processors (58.3%) in the study area were located in Ekiti State, while medium-scale (41.2%) and large-scale (50%) ones were found in Kwara and Kano States, respectively. Profitability, which ranged between mean of 4.58 in Kwara and 4.89 in Ebonyi, was the most important motivating factor in all states. The characteristics of the enterprise revealed variations in start-up capital, association membership and the number of household members involved in the business. Kano State dominated all the market outlet categories, registering the highest percentage (63.4%) total sales. The study concluded that a higher percentage of rice production in these study areas was processed by the microprocessors and small-scale processors characterized by inadequate rice processing machines, and the distribution network has greater internal strength.
Keywords: geopolitical zones; post-harvest technology; rice value chain; small-scale processors.
Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon
Djongmo Victor Awe, Youhana Dangaï, Taiga Léa Kondasso
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583184
ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon, emphasising the importance of ecosystems in mitigating climate change effects. Data on vegetation, dead wood, herbs, litter, soils, and fine roots were collected from 50 m × 50 m quadrats using systematic sampling methods. The aboveground, belowground, litter, dead wood, and soil organic carbon contents were higher in G. aqualla stands in Bénoué (50.28 ± 1.60, 11.05 ± 0.09, 1.98 ± 0.01, 8.98 ± 0.11, and 47.50 ± 0.19 Mg C ha-1, respectively). In Mayo-Loutii, the carbon storage capacity of herbaceous and fine roots of G. aqualla stands was 2.94 ± 0.06 and 8.01 ± 0.05 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In Bénoué, the total carbon stock and CO2 equivalents of G. aqualla stands was 127.28 ± 10.72 Mg C ha-1 and 467.11 ± 39.34 Mg CO2eq ha-1, respectively. The findings support the significant role of G. aqualla stands to store carbon and to mitigate climate change in Cameroon.
Keywords: biomass; carbon capacity; climate change; Gardenia aqualla stands; soil carbon storage.
Impact of climate change on sea-going fishers: a case study from Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh
Md Minarul Hoque, Afifat Khanam Ritika, Md. Simul Bhuyan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583183
ABSTRACT. Climate change can severely impact fishermen’s community due to the nature of their profession. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on sea-going fishers in Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh. A total of 60 randomly selected fishers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions to assess climate-induced changes in their livelihoods. Field data reveal that 100% of the respondents experienced reduced fishing duration due to frequent storms, erratic sea behaviour, and early seasonal changes. Around 40% of fishers have shifted to alternative professions, and approximately 40% of local residents have migrated over the past 20 years due to climate-related livelihood disruption. In 2022, 90% of fishers lost their prawn farms owing to saline water intrusion and elevated water temperatures. Climatic trend analysis using Bangladesh Meteorological Department data confirms an increasing pattern in mean temperature per year (+0.014℃) and rainfall (+7.22 mmyr-1) in coastal regions over the past three decades. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted adaptation strategies, safety protocols, and livelihood diversification to support the resilience of this vulnerable population.
Keywords: climate change; coastal Bangladesh; fishing duration; profession shift; salinity; sea-going fishers.
Genetic diversity and trait associations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) germplasm under rainfed conditions
Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin, Adesike Oladoyin Kolawole, Olasunkanmi Olajide
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583182
ABSTRACT. Sorghum is a key cereal crop in Sub-Saharan Africa that is used as food, fodder, and biofuel. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and trait associations among sorghum accessions collected from the Nigeria Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS). A total of 160 accessions were initially collected from farmers’ fields and preliminarily screened based on distinct morphological traits. Of these, 20 distinct accessions were selected and evaluated in 6 SGS environments with 2 improved varieties under rainfed conditions in the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The results revealed moderate to high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation and high heritability estimates (66.83–97.75%) for most traits, indicating that the accessions harbour valuable genetic diversity and that selection among them would be effective for breeding purposes. Accessions LR55 (1323 kg ha⁻¹), DR25 (1293 kg ha⁻¹), and LR2 (1226 kg ha⁻¹) were selected for their high yield and stability, and LR2, DR18, and DR15 were selected through a Genotype by Yield*Trait biplot approach for their optimal combination of yield and nutritional quality traits. These accessions are promising candidates for both direct cultivation and as elite genetic resources in sorghum improvement programs. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed among agronomic and nutritional traits, but most yield-related traits showed non-significant correlations with nutritional quality traits. Leaf width, percentage of grain coverage, number of panicles harvested, 100-seed weight, and 1000-seed weight were identified as reliable selection indices for yield improvement based on their high heritability and strong positive correlation with grain yield.
Keywords: genotype × environment interaction; nutritional and antinutritional traits; sorghum accessions; sorghum grain quality; trait correlations; yield-related traits.
On-farm verification of improved malt barley technologies using demonstration and evaluation approaches, Guji zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Basha Kebede, Girma Amare, Dembi Korji, Tekle Bobo
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583181
ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the profitability and yield of improved malt barley technologies under farmers’ settings and to gather farmers’ feedback on malt barley variety use. Bore and Ana Sora districts, Ethiopia, hosted demonstrations of Sington and IBON 174/03 malt barley varieties in 2023/24. Varieties were sown on 10 m × 10 m plots by nine experimental farmers. Training and mini-field days were employed to promote recommended malt barley technologies. Interviews were used to gather data on farmers’ preferences, yield performance, and production costs. The Likert scale, net income, and descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. The IBON174/03 (29.58 Qt/ha) variety had a greater yield than the Sington (24.44 Qt/ha) variety. Sington and IBON 174/03 varieties produced 31,650 and 47,816 ETB/ha income, respectively. This showed that improved malt barley production is profitable in the highlands of the Guji zone. Yield, tillering, disease resistance, and market demand were the most valued malt barley variety preferences in the study area. Based on farmers’ preferences, the IBON 174/03 variety was ranked higher than the Sington variety. Therefore, for malt barley production, farmers should use the IBON 174/03 variety. Research centres should focus on farmers’ trait preferences for malt barley variety release.
Keywords: farmer participatory trial; Guji zone, Oromia; improved malt barley; on farm verification.
Cover story
In the Big Island of Brăila, the fertile alluvial soils, the hydrological regime influenced by the Danube, and pronounced variability of precipitation cause alternating drought and temporary flooding risks. In this context, the potential of direct seeding systems to increase resilience and sustainability constitutes a promising pathway. Research conducted over two agricultural years (2022–2023) as part of a doctoral thesis evaluates the implications of the no-tillage (NT) system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the conventional tillage (CT) system. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year.
Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.
Priming with botanical leaf extracts enhances emergence and vigour in soybean (Glycine max)
Nana Kwaku Yeboah Agyetoah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582180
ABSTRACT. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a vital legume crop that is widely cultivated for its high protein and oil contents and serves as an essential food and industrial resource. In Ghana, efforts to improve soybean productivity have largely focused on synthetic seed treatments, despite the growing interest in sustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using botanical leaf extracts, namely those of moringa (Moringa oleifera), neem (Azadirachta indica), and tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), on the growth and physiological seed quality after harvest of three soybean varieties (‘Afayak’, ‘Jenguma’, and ‘Favour’). We hypothesised that botanical priming would enhance seed and plant performance compared to non-primed controls. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted using a randomised complete block design. Measurable results showed that seeds primed with 10% moringa and neem leaf extracts significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, 1000-seed weight, and seed vigour, with electrical conductivity values ranging from 17 to 34 µS cm⁻¹g⁻¹, which is within the recommended range for high seed vigour. The germination percentage after harvest remained consistently high across treatments (80–95%), with no significant delays in flowering time. Moringa-primed Afayak seeds had the highest 1000-seed weight (110.36 g), and tithonia-primed seeds showed reduced performance and higher fungal incidence. These results confirm the hypothesis and highlight the potential of botanical priming as an effective, low-cost strategy for improving soybean seed quality and crop establishment. These findings offer practical implications for sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, promoting environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals.
Keywords: botanical leaf extract; germination enhancement; moringa; neem; seed priming; seedling vigour; soybean (Glycine max); tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia).
Preliminary study of the amino acids of horseshoe crabs (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) from the Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh
Md. Simul Bhuyan, Md. Tarikul Islam, Vinmoy Mondal
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582179
ABSTRACT. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda is an ancient marine arthropod with significant ecological and biomedical importance due to its unique physiological features and bioactive compounds. Despite this critical role in pharmaceutical applications, especially in endotoxin detection assays, the amino acid (AA) profile of C. rotundicauda remains underexplored, especially the population in the northern Bay of Bengal. This study investigated the AA profile of C. rotundicauda collected from the Cox’s Bazar coast of Bangladesh, with the goal of assessing its nutritional value and biomedical potential. A preliminary biochemical analysis was conducted using samples collected from a mangrove-dominated estuarine zone. A rigorous analytical protocol involving hydrolysis, filtration, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was employed to accurately quantify the essential and non-essential amino acids. The results revealed a total AA content of 2.2%, with leucine (0.5%), isoleucine (0.3%), and proline (0.3%) being the most abundant. Interestingly, aspartic acid was not detected, and trace levels of methionine (0.006%) and histidine (0.0006%) were observed, suggesting unique metabolic adaptations in this species compared to other marine arthropods. These findings are significant as they represent the first detailed account of the AA profile of C. rotundicauda from Bangladesh’s coastal waters. The dominance of branched-chain amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine highlights the species’ potential role in supporting protein synthesis and metabolic regulation. This biochemical insight opens new possibilities for the species’ application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, while also underlining the need for its conservation amid increasing habitat degradation.
Keywords: amino acid profiling; biomedical applications; Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda; nutritional composition.
Coat colour variations and their influence on body traits in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Northwestern Nigeria
Emmanuel Abayomi Rotimi, Abubakar Yusuf, Adelani Abayomi Adeoye
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582178
ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 51 dromedary camels (24 females and 27 males) from Northwestern Nigeria, sampled from Katsina and Zamfara States. Twelve morphometric traits were measured, and qualitative characteristics were recorded. Black and brown coat colours were the most prevalent (47.05% each), while white was rare (5.9%). Single coat colour patterns (74.5%) and smooth hair types (56.9%) predominated. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) in coat colour and pattern distributions, whereas hair type showed no significant variation. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced most morphometric traits except rump height and ear length, with older camels (≥11 years) exhibiting larger body dimensions. Sex did not have a significant effect on any of the measured traits. Camels with a black coat had a significantly higher body weight (245.96 ± 14.80 kg), heart girth (180.73 ± 3.62 cm), abdominal girth (158.52 ± 3.08 cm), and ear length (19.09 ± 0.94 cm) compared with camels with a brown or white coat. The 1–5-year age group was the largest (43.1%), aligning with breeders’ preference for younger breeding stock. These findings suggest that black coat colour may serve as an indicator of superior body traits in camels. This study provides valuable baseline data to inform genetic resource conservation and to guide selection strategies for sustainable camel breeding and productivity enhancement in Nigeria’s semi-arid regions.
Keywords: Camelus dromedaries; coat colour; morphometric measurements; phenotypic traits; semi-arid Nigeria.
Germination of seeds and adaptation of beech seedlings of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin under the influence of bioregulators
Dina Elisovetcaia, Raisa Ivanova, Ecaterina Popovschi, Jan Brindza
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582177
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bioregulators on the germination of beech seeds of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin and adaptation of seedlings under solarium and natural conditions. The highest mean daily germination (0.74) was observed for 0.001 and 0.0001% (w/v, dry residue) Juniperus sabina. During stratification under laboratory conditions, the highest seed germination (82.64%) occurred in 0.0001% J. sabina. The highest seed germination rate index was observed in 0.0001 and 0.0005% J. sabina (1.17 and 1.57, respectively). The average germination time of 0.01% alginite No. 2 and 0.0005% J. sabina was below that of the control by 1.05-1.11 days. The length of the roots of germinated beech seeds with alginite No. 2 and 0.001% J. sabina significantly exceeded that of the control (39.66 mm), reaching 56.04 and 52.05 mm, respectively. Under solarium conditions, the highest rate of seedling emergence was observed in variants alginite No. 6 (92.50%), 0.0005% J. sabina (91.11%), 0.001% J. sabina (90.00%) and alginite nano powder (82.35%), which exceeded the control by 1.6–1.8 times. The height of the plants in alginite No. 2 (13.50 cm), 0.0001% J. sabina (12.24 cm) and 0.001% J. sabina (10.08 cm) significantly exceeded the control. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds treated with alginite nano powder (60.80%) and alginite No. 6 (47.47%) was significantly higher than that of the control (42.67%) and those treated with gibberellic acid (43.73%). The height of the plants treated with alginite nano powder (28.10 cm), 0.01% genistifolioside (29.70 cm) and 0.004% gibberellic acid (28.22 cm) significantly exceeded that of the control.
Keywords: Alginite; genistifolioside; Fagus sylvatica seeds; germination; Juniperus sabina.
Ecological water quality and benthic macroinverte-brates: impact on fish spawning grounds in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire
Iridjé Marcelle Bodji, Mamadou Soro, Lèfoungognon Coulibaly, Konan Gervais N’zi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582176
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the ecological quality of ichthyological spawning grounds in the Lake Buyo partial wildlife reserve, part of Taï National Park. Ichthyological spawning grounds are aquatic habitats used by fish for reproduction. In Côte d’Ivoire, knowledge of these spawning grounds was very fragmentary and mostly based on an inventory and summary description of spawning grounds. Data collection was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019 at 11 ichthyological spawning grounds. Benthic macroin-vertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen bucket and handle dip net. Ten grab samples were taken at each site. The dip net was used to sample habitats that were difficult to access with the grab and were very shallow. The Warwick Ecological Stress Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index were used to analyse water quality. A total of 19,940 individuals belonging to 28 families for a biomass of 1,361,549 g were counted. Thiaridae and Chironomidae families were the most abundant, with 63.28% and 22.88%, respectively. The analysis of the abundance–biomass curves showed that the biomass curve was higher than the abundance curve, with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.61. These values indicate stress due to the enrichment of the water with organic matter. The analysis using the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index indicated that organic pollution ranges from poor (6.98) to very poor (7.73). The ecological quality of the lake’s waters has a negative impact on ecological diversity, leading to the disappearance of certain aquatic species through the destruction of spawning grounds.
Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates; ecological water quality; ichthyological spawning grounds; Lake Buyo.
Soil health and business models: a review and analysis carried out in the NOVASOIL project
Javier Bravo-García, Francisco José Blanco-Velazquez, Felix Ángel Gonzalez-Peñaloza, Fernando Alonso-Martin, Kalvi Tamm, Fabian Frick, Greta Winkler, Fabio Bartollini, Ana Iglesias, Mohammed Hussen Alemu, María Anaya-Romero
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582175
ABSTRACT. Soil health is critical for sustainable agriculture, healthy ecosystems, and environmental resilience. Soil degradation caused by unsustainable practices must be addressed through innovative economic and environmental solutions. This review explores how innovative environmental monitoring technologies, such as remote sensing, drones, and soil sensors, and innovative business models that influence soil management contribute significantly to the improvement of soil health. This study first highlights the key indicators of soil health, including soil organic carbon, nutrient levels, erosion rates and their potential use in ecosystem service markets, such as carbon credits, to incentivise improved soil management. Additionally, this study considers the legal and policy frameworks necessary to support these business models, with a particular focus on the European Union’s Soil Monitoring Law and its implications for the agricultural and environmental sectors. Together, these innovative components offer a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities for transforming soil health management into a profitable and sustainable enterprise, contributing to global goals, such as climate mitigation and biodiversity preservation.
Keywords: ecosystem services; soil monitoring law; soil indicators; sustainability.
Effect of pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and the chemical quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans
Mohammed Alhassan, Patrick Kumah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582174
ABSTRACT. Cocoa is a highly valuable economic crop that generates income and foreign exchange for Ghana. However, the rejection of cocoa beans on the international market due mainly to inappropriate fermentation methods and postharvest practices is a major problem confronting this sector. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and chemical attributes of the beans. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial with a completely randomised design and three replicates. Pod size (small, medium and large) and fermentation method (heap, tray and basket fermentation) were each evaluated at three levels. There were changes in temperature using all three fermentation methods, such that temperature increased from an average of 37.8 to 41.7°C in the first 24 h. The heap fermentation method had the highest temperature (41.7°C) after 4 days. The pod size and fermentation method did not influence the fat content, total titratable acidity, or free fatty acids in the sampled beans. Small pods fermented using the heap fermentation method had the highest pH. The study concluded that the heap fermentation method enhances temperature changes without compromising the chemical quality of cocoa beans, making it the preferred technique for high-quality cocoa production.
Keywords: bean quality; fermentation methods; pod sizes.
Contribution of community forest management groups to effective forest conservation. A case study of the Mwamba Community Forest in Kasama, Zambia
Brenda Romazi Chirwa, Ackim Phiri
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582173
ABSTRACT. Forests play vital roles in the survival of people globally. Despite their usefulness, the loss of forests has not slowed. Hence, various approaches have been used to enhance their management. Effective forest management is key to food security and stability of national economies. The quest for efficient and sustainable management of forested areas has led to the surge in research exploring the involvement of local people in forest management. This study aimed to assess the contribution of community forest management groups in effective forest conservation. Several research questions were asked to explore the subject: What are the approaches used to sustainably manage the Mwamba Community Forest and how effective are they? What challenges are faced to achieve sustainable forest management? What strategies are used to overcome the challenges faced in managing forests in a sustainable manner? This study targeted 127 household respondents living around the Mwamba Community Forest, together with key informants. The mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was used. Questionnaires were administered to collect data from respondents. The variable parameters were analysed using Excel and IBM SPSS statistic 26. The effectiveness of the approaches in managing the natural resources in the forest were confirmed by 84% of the respondents, but 11% disagreed, and 5% were indecisive. The study also revealed various forest management activities being practiced, such as woodlot management, beekeeping, and gardening. The study recommends that the government build capacity in the local communities through training, financial empowerment, and incentives.
Keywords: community forestry; contribution; deforestation; forest groups; sustainability.
Effect of water management strategies on two vegetable crops under a Bhungroo irrigation technology in Upper East Region, Ghana
Henry E. Igbadun, Olufunke Cofie, Michael A. Kpakpo-Sraha, Donatus O. Onwuegbunam, Seifu Tilahun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582172
ABSTRACT. Exploring options to access water for irrigation and water management strategies at the field level is pivotal for improving crop yield and water productivity. Farmer-participatory field trials were conducted in Gorogo and Sepaat communities, Upper East Region, Ghana, in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 irrigation seasons to evaluate the yield response of tomato and onion crops to varied levels of deficit irrigation using Bhungroo irrigation technology. The experimental factor was water application depth at four levels: 65, 85, and 100% of crop water requirement (CWR) and farmers’ discretion. Irrigation water productivity (IWP) was computed as a function of the yield and water applied. Seasonal water used in the tomato fields ranged from 232 to 502 mm, while the onion trials varied from 358 to 750 mm. The fresh fruit yield of tomato ranged from 6.0 to 17.5 t ha−1 in the two seasons, while the dry onion bulb yields ranged from 15.2 to 25.4 t ha−1. The IWP ranged from 2.11 to 3.61 kg m−3 for tomato and from 2.05 to 4.51 kg m−3 for onion. The lowest values were obtained from the least water applied, while the highest values were obtained from the highest. The deficit irrigation schedules significantly decreased both yield and IWP compared to 100% CWR in tomato and onion, while the farmers’ discretion led to over-irrigation in both study locations. It is recommended that tomato and onion crops be irrigated to meet the full crop water requirement in the study areas.
Keywords: deficit irrigation; drip irrigation; onion; tomato; water productivity.
Assessing the impact of the no-tillage system on soil physical parameters and water conservation in corn crops
Matei Titianu, Tudor George Aostăcioaei, Gabriel Dumitru Mihu, Serginho Cakpo, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582171
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the impact of two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on soil physical properties and soil water conserva-tion capacity in an experiment conducted on the Big Island of Braila during two agricultural years (2022–2023). The aim was to evaluate the implications of the NT system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the CT system. The designated area, the Big Island of Braila, has specific climatic conditions that make this research of great interest for assessing the possibility of imple-menting NT practice in the future. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year. Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.
Keywords: conventional tillage; no-tillage; soil physical properties.
Cover story
The Cranial Adaptations of the Tiger – The Key to a Lethal Bite
The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles.
These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
The anatomical study was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, part of the University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” in Iași, Romania – Publisher of the Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment.
Bioplastic content in biowaste: a growing problem in composting efficiency and quality
Alessandra Fiorucci, Maria Elena Bini, Alessandra Bonoli
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581170
ABSTRACT. The increase in fossil fuel–based plastic use and its subsequential refuse production and dispersion in the environment cause long-lasting waste that can pile up quickly. Compostable bio-based plastics, polymeric compounds that are functionally similar to fossil fuel–based plastics, seem to be more environmentally sustainable and particularly useful and recommended in food packaging. Even with the lower impacts of bioplastics, there is still a need for effective end-of-life management strategies to promote more efficient treatment of bioplastic waste. For biodegradable bioplastics, this endeavour could involve composting. Bioplastics would be processed like any other organic waste, prompting a closer study of how efficient this process is in degrading them, or if their presence can persist in high-quality compost or even in cultivated food. This paper focuses on organic waste treatment and compost production to assess the efficiency of bioplastic degrada-tion, aiming to explore the bioplastic content in compost in reference with a wide com-posting plants overview. An analysis of waste flow data from selected Italian composting plants highlighted a bioplastic reduction rate near 80%, with a small variance for different kinds of bioplastics, stressing the importance of investing in collection.
Keywords: bioplastic; biowaste; compost; treatment efficiency; waste management.
Factors associated with the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda
Douglas Andabati Candia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581169
ABSTRACT. The majority of households in Uganda rely on traditional cooking fuels the use of which is associated with many dangers. This study sought to identify the factors related to the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda. The study used secondary data from the 2018–19 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS). The analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test and the complementary log-log regression model. Most respondents used unclean cooking fuels (98.96%). The use of clean cooking fuels was more likely among households in the richest wealth index category, those from the Pentecostal/born-again/evangelical or other religions, and households that had electricity. An increase in household members was found to reduce the likelihood of using clean cooking fuels. There is a need for the government to reduce the initial connection fees to the power grid and the tariff per unit of electricity consumed by households in Uganda.
Keywords: complementary log-log regression; cooking fuel; Uganda.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on wheat crop water requirements in Central Afghanistan
Homayoon Raoufi, Jamily Abdul Saleem
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581168
ABSTRACT. Water crises in agricultural production are a serious issue in water-limited ecosystems and farming regions. This study was conducted to estimate crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling under climate change in Central Afghanistan using CROPWAT8.0 software. The climatic variables were acquired from local organisations and the general circulation model (GCM) (1990–2020). The temperature and rainfall patterns were evaluated under three scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) from 2025 to 2100. CROPWAT8.0 was used to assess reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling based on predicted meteorological conditions under different scenarios. The crop water requirements under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 increased by 9.74, 9.99, and 10.28 mm/day, respectively, compared to the baseline at 9.07 mm/day. Moreover, crop irrigation requirements would increase by 92.5 (18.46%), 109.7 (21.88%), and 100.7 mm/dec (20.09%) under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively, compared to the baseline at 62.65 mm/dec. Furthermore, the results showed that wheat needs 3 irrigations in the baseline scenario, while it would need 4 irrigations for future scenarios due to an increase in crop irrigation requirements. The results of this study will be useful for agricultural practices and management.
Keywords: Afghanistan; irrigation scheduling; precipitation; scenarios; temperature.
Latest Articles
Woody plant diversity and carbon stocks of live hedges in highly degraded areas in the western highlands of Cameroon
Lily Ervige Voumo, Cédric Chimi Djomo, Ariane Sorelle Kitio Zangue, Roger Bruno Tabue Mbobda, Louis Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho, Jules Romain Ngueguim, Nyong Princely Awazi, Louis Zapfack
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583187
ABSTRACT. In the highlands agroecological zone of Cameroon, natural landscapes have disappeared in favour of other land use types, including live hedges (LHs), which are among the relics used to preserve biodiversity and enhance resilience to global change. However, the contribution of LHs to resilience remains unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterise plant diversity and carbon stocks in LHs, emphasising their typology. Trees with diameters ≥ 5 cm were collected from 132 LHs of 50 m each along a linear system, i.e. a total sampled area of 6.6 km (16.5 ha). LH carbon stocks were estimated using allometric equations. Five LH types were identified, namely Eucalyptus hedge, Markhamia hedge, Podocarpus hedge, fir/pine hedge and mixed hedge. A total of 79 species belonging to 58 genera and 31 families were identified in the LHs, with 8 (10%) being threatened according to the IUCN Red List. The species richness was significantly different between LHs (Kruskal–Wallis, p ˂ 0.001), with the mixed LH having the most diversity (65 species). The Shannon–Wiener index showed low plant diversity in the LHs. Carbon stocks were estimated at 134.25 tC.km−1 (54.10tC.ha−1), which was significantly different among LHs (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.0001). Given the potential of LHs in terms of diversity and carbon storage, emphasis should be placed on monitoring this agroforestry practice to ensure its sustainability and, thus, enhance its contribution to global change mitigation and payments for environmental services.
Keywords: biodiversity; carbon stockage; degraded landscapes; live hedge; typology.
Optimisation of the performance of a cleaning-type teff thresher using response surface methodology
Tasfaye Abeye Aseffa, Tamirat Nurgie Lema, Dereje Anawte Alemu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583186
ABSTRACT. Traditional teff threshing methods are labour intensive, inefficient and prone to considerable post-harvest losses. To address these limitations, a mechanical teff thresher was designed and developed. However, the initial prototype demonstrated suboptimal threshing performance and cleaning efficiency. This study aimed to optimise the performance of the developed teff thresher through the application of empirical modelling and response surface methodology. The optimisation focused on the threshing unit, particularly the drum length and diameter. The machine was fabricated from mild steel, angle iron, aluminium and round bar materials. Based on structural analysis, the total stress was 0.6776 MPa, the maximum shear stress was 0.00013242 MPa and the equivalent (Von Mises) stress was 16.126 kPa. Performance was evaluated at three drum speeds (1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm) and three feed rates (620, 660, and 700 kg/h), under a concave clearance of 0.03 m and a grain moisture content of 14%. A split-plot experimental design was employed, generating 27 observations that were analysed using the Design-Expert software. The results indicated that both drum speed and feed rate significantly influenced threshing performance. The maximum threshing capacity of 287.3 kg/h was achieved at a drum speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 700 kg/h, representing an improvement from the baseline capacity of 187.5 kg/h. Increasing both drum speed and the feed rate within the studied range markedly enhanced the threshing efficiency and throughput of the machine. The optimised operating conditions are recommended to maximise the performance of the teff thresher.
Keywords: optimisation; response surface methodology; thresher.
Assessment of rice processing and marketing practices: the case of Nigeria
Dorcas Lola Alabi, Olusesan Michael Awoleye, Kehinde Adekunbi Taiwo, Tunde Afolabi Morakinyo, Olasunkanmi Gbadamosi, Babatunde Olawoye, Oyebanji Olubunmi Alagbo, Olufemi Koya, Charles Taiwo Akanbi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583185
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the category of scale-level rice processing across selected states in different geopolitical zones in Nigeria, factors motivating participation in rice processing, the characteristics of rice processing enterprises, and the marketing outlets employed for the distribution and sale of finished rice products. In October 2023, 168 rice processors were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with simple descriptive statistics being employed in the data analysis. The results showed that most microprocessors (80.0%) and small-scale processors (58.3%) in the study area were located in Ekiti State, while medium-scale (41.2%) and large-scale (50%) ones were found in Kwara and Kano States, respectively. Profitability, which ranged between mean of 4.58 in Kwara and 4.89 in Ebonyi, was the most important motivating factor in all states. The characteristics of the enterprise revealed variations in start-up capital, association membership and the number of household members involved in the business. Kano State dominated all the market outlet categories, registering the highest percentage (63.4%) total sales. The study concluded that a higher percentage of rice production in these study areas was processed by the microprocessors and small-scale processors characterized by inadequate rice processing machines, and the distribution network has greater internal strength.
Keywords: geopolitical zones; post-harvest technology; rice value chain; small-scale processors.
Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon
Djongmo Victor Awe, Youhana Dangaï, Taiga Léa Kondasso
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583184
ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon, emphasising the importance of ecosystems in mitigating climate change effects. Data on vegetation, dead wood, herbs, litter, soils, and fine roots were collected from 50 m × 50 m quadrats using systematic sampling methods. The aboveground, belowground, litter, dead wood, and soil organic carbon contents were higher in G. aqualla stands in Bénoué (50.28 ± 1.60, 11.05 ± 0.09, 1.98 ± 0.01, 8.98 ± 0.11, and 47.50 ± 0.19 Mg C ha-1, respectively). In Mayo-Loutii, the carbon storage capacity of herbaceous and fine roots of G. aqualla stands was 2.94 ± 0.06 and 8.01 ± 0.05 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In Bénoué, the total carbon stock and CO2 equivalents of G. aqualla stands was 127.28 ± 10.72 Mg C ha-1 and 467.11 ± 39.34 Mg CO2eq ha-1, respectively. The findings support the significant role of G. aqualla stands to store carbon and to mitigate climate change in Cameroon.
Keywords: biomass; carbon capacity; climate change; Gardenia aqualla stands; soil carbon storage.
Impact of climate change on sea-going fishers: a case study from Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh
Md Minarul Hoque, Afifat Khanam Ritika, Md. Simul Bhuyan
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583183
ABSTRACT. Climate change can severely impact fishermen’s community due to the nature of their profession. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on sea-going fishers in Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh. A total of 60 randomly selected fishers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions to assess climate-induced changes in their livelihoods. Field data reveal that 100% of the respondents experienced reduced fishing duration due to frequent storms, erratic sea behaviour, and early seasonal changes. Around 40% of fishers have shifted to alternative professions, and approximately 40% of local residents have migrated over the past 20 years due to climate-related livelihood disruption. In 2022, 90% of fishers lost their prawn farms owing to saline water intrusion and elevated water temperatures. Climatic trend analysis using Bangladesh Meteorological Department data confirms an increasing pattern in mean temperature per year (+0.014℃) and rainfall (+7.22 mmyr-1) in coastal regions over the past three decades. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted adaptation strategies, safety protocols, and livelihood diversification to support the resilience of this vulnerable population.
Keywords: climate change; coastal Bangladesh; fishing duration; profession shift; salinity; sea-going fishers.
Genetic diversity and trait associations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) germplasm under rainfed conditions
Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin, Adesike Oladoyin Kolawole, Olasunkanmi Olajide
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583182
ABSTRACT. Sorghum is a key cereal crop in Sub-Saharan Africa that is used as food, fodder, and biofuel. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and trait associations among sorghum accessions collected from the Nigeria Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS). A total of 160 accessions were initially collected from farmers’ fields and preliminarily screened based on distinct morphological traits. Of these, 20 distinct accessions were selected and evaluated in 6 SGS environments with 2 improved varieties under rainfed conditions in the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The results revealed moderate to high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation and high heritability estimates (66.83–97.75%) for most traits, indicating that the accessions harbour valuable genetic diversity and that selection among them would be effective for breeding purposes. Accessions LR55 (1323 kg ha⁻¹), DR25 (1293 kg ha⁻¹), and LR2 (1226 kg ha⁻¹) were selected for their high yield and stability, and LR2, DR18, and DR15 were selected through a Genotype by Yield*Trait biplot approach for their optimal combination of yield and nutritional quality traits. These accessions are promising candidates for both direct cultivation and as elite genetic resources in sorghum improvement programs. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed among agronomic and nutritional traits, but most yield-related traits showed non-significant correlations with nutritional quality traits. Leaf width, percentage of grain coverage, number of panicles harvested, 100-seed weight, and 1000-seed weight were identified as reliable selection indices for yield improvement based on their high heritability and strong positive correlation with grain yield.
Keywords: genotype × environment interaction; nutritional and antinutritional traits; sorghum accessions; sorghum grain quality; trait correlations; yield-related traits.
On-farm verification of improved malt barley technologies using demonstration and evaluation approaches, Guji zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Basha Kebede, Girma Amare, Dembi Korji, Tekle Bobo
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583181
ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the profitability and yield of improved malt barley technologies under farmers’ settings and to gather farmers’ feedback on malt barley variety use. Bore and Ana Sora districts, Ethiopia, hosted demonstrations of Sington and IBON 174/03 malt barley varieties in 2023/24. Varieties were sown on 10 m × 10 m plots by nine experimental farmers. Training and mini-field days were employed to promote recommended malt barley technologies. Interviews were used to gather data on farmers’ preferences, yield performance, and production costs. The Likert scale, net income, and descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. The IBON174/03 (29.58 Qt/ha) variety had a greater yield than the Sington (24.44 Qt/ha) variety. Sington and IBON 174/03 varieties produced 31,650 and 47,816 ETB/ha income, respectively. This showed that improved malt barley production is profitable in the highlands of the Guji zone. Yield, tillering, disease resistance, and market demand were the most valued malt barley variety preferences in the study area. Based on farmers’ preferences, the IBON 174/03 variety was ranked higher than the Sington variety. Therefore, for malt barley production, farmers should use the IBON 174/03 variety. Research centres should focus on farmers’ trait preferences for malt barley variety release.
Keywords: farmer participatory trial; Guji zone, Oromia; improved malt barley; on farm verification.
Cover story
In the Big Island of Brăila, the fertile alluvial soils, the hydrological regime influenced by the Danube, and pronounced variability of precipitation cause alternating drought and temporary flooding risks. In this context, the potential of direct seeding systems to increase resilience and sustainability constitutes a promising pathway. Research conducted over two agricultural years (2022–2023) as part of a doctoral thesis evaluates the implications of the no-tillage (NT) system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the conventional tillage (CT) system. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year.
Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.
Priming with botanical leaf extracts enhances emergence and vigour in soybean (Glycine max)
Nana Kwaku Yeboah Agyetoah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582180
ABSTRACT. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a vital legume crop that is widely cultivated for its high protein and oil contents and serves as an essential food and industrial resource. In Ghana, efforts to improve soybean productivity have largely focused on synthetic seed treatments, despite the growing interest in sustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using botanical leaf extracts, namely those of moringa (Moringa oleifera), neem (Azadirachta indica), and tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), on the growth and physiological seed quality after harvest of three soybean varieties (‘Afayak’, ‘Jenguma’, and ‘Favour’). We hypothesised that botanical priming would enhance seed and plant performance compared to non-primed controls. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted using a randomised complete block design. Measurable results showed that seeds primed with 10% moringa and neem leaf extracts significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, 1000-seed weight, and seed vigour, with electrical conductivity values ranging from 17 to 34 µS cm⁻¹g⁻¹, which is within the recommended range for high seed vigour. The germination percentage after harvest remained consistently high across treatments (80–95%), with no significant delays in flowering time. Moringa-primed Afayak seeds had the highest 1000-seed weight (110.36 g), and tithonia-primed seeds showed reduced performance and higher fungal incidence. These results confirm the hypothesis and highlight the potential of botanical priming as an effective, low-cost strategy for improving soybean seed quality and crop establishment. These findings offer practical implications for sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, promoting environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals.
Keywords: botanical leaf extract; germination enhancement; moringa; neem; seed priming; seedling vigour; soybean (Glycine max); tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia).
Preliminary study of the amino acids of horseshoe crabs (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) from the Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh
Md. Simul Bhuyan, Md. Tarikul Islam, Vinmoy Mondal
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582179
ABSTRACT. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda is an ancient marine arthropod with significant ecological and biomedical importance due to its unique physiological features and bioactive compounds. Despite this critical role in pharmaceutical applications, especially in endotoxin detection assays, the amino acid (AA) profile of C. rotundicauda remains underexplored, especially the population in the northern Bay of Bengal. This study investigated the AA profile of C. rotundicauda collected from the Cox’s Bazar coast of Bangladesh, with the goal of assessing its nutritional value and biomedical potential. A preliminary biochemical analysis was conducted using samples collected from a mangrove-dominated estuarine zone. A rigorous analytical protocol involving hydrolysis, filtration, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was employed to accurately quantify the essential and non-essential amino acids. The results revealed a total AA content of 2.2%, with leucine (0.5%), isoleucine (0.3%), and proline (0.3%) being the most abundant. Interestingly, aspartic acid was not detected, and trace levels of methionine (0.006%) and histidine (0.0006%) were observed, suggesting unique metabolic adaptations in this species compared to other marine arthropods. These findings are significant as they represent the first detailed account of the AA profile of C. rotundicauda from Bangladesh’s coastal waters. The dominance of branched-chain amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine highlights the species’ potential role in supporting protein synthesis and metabolic regulation. This biochemical insight opens new possibilities for the species’ application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, while also underlining the need for its conservation amid increasing habitat degradation.
Keywords: amino acid profiling; biomedical applications; Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda; nutritional composition.
Coat colour variations and their influence on body traits in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Northwestern Nigeria
Emmanuel Abayomi Rotimi, Abubakar Yusuf, Adelani Abayomi Adeoye
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582178
ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 51 dromedary camels (24 females and 27 males) from Northwestern Nigeria, sampled from Katsina and Zamfara States. Twelve morphometric traits were measured, and qualitative characteristics were recorded. Black and brown coat colours were the most prevalent (47.05% each), while white was rare (5.9%). Single coat colour patterns (74.5%) and smooth hair types (56.9%) predominated. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) in coat colour and pattern distributions, whereas hair type showed no significant variation. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced most morphometric traits except rump height and ear length, with older camels (≥11 years) exhibiting larger body dimensions. Sex did not have a significant effect on any of the measured traits. Camels with a black coat had a significantly higher body weight (245.96 ± 14.80 kg), heart girth (180.73 ± 3.62 cm), abdominal girth (158.52 ± 3.08 cm), and ear length (19.09 ± 0.94 cm) compared with camels with a brown or white coat. The 1–5-year age group was the largest (43.1%), aligning with breeders’ preference for younger breeding stock. These findings suggest that black coat colour may serve as an indicator of superior body traits in camels. This study provides valuable baseline data to inform genetic resource conservation and to guide selection strategies for sustainable camel breeding and productivity enhancement in Nigeria’s semi-arid regions.
Keywords: Camelus dromedaries; coat colour; morphometric measurements; phenotypic traits; semi-arid Nigeria.
Germination of seeds and adaptation of beech seedlings of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin under the influence of bioregulators
Dina Elisovetcaia, Raisa Ivanova, Ecaterina Popovschi, Jan Brindza
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582177
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bioregulators on the germination of beech seeds of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin and adaptation of seedlings under solarium and natural conditions. The highest mean daily germination (0.74) was observed for 0.001 and 0.0001% (w/v, dry residue) Juniperus sabina. During stratification under laboratory conditions, the highest seed germination (82.64%) occurred in 0.0001% J. sabina. The highest seed germination rate index was observed in 0.0001 and 0.0005% J. sabina (1.17 and 1.57, respectively). The average germination time of 0.01% alginite No. 2 and 0.0005% J. sabina was below that of the control by 1.05-1.11 days. The length of the roots of germinated beech seeds with alginite No. 2 and 0.001% J. sabina significantly exceeded that of the control (39.66 mm), reaching 56.04 and 52.05 mm, respectively. Under solarium conditions, the highest rate of seedling emergence was observed in variants alginite No. 6 (92.50%), 0.0005% J. sabina (91.11%), 0.001% J. sabina (90.00%) and alginite nano powder (82.35%), which exceeded the control by 1.6–1.8 times. The height of the plants in alginite No. 2 (13.50 cm), 0.0001% J. sabina (12.24 cm) and 0.001% J. sabina (10.08 cm) significantly exceeded the control. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds treated with alginite nano powder (60.80%) and alginite No. 6 (47.47%) was significantly higher than that of the control (42.67%) and those treated with gibberellic acid (43.73%). The height of the plants treated with alginite nano powder (28.10 cm), 0.01% genistifolioside (29.70 cm) and 0.004% gibberellic acid (28.22 cm) significantly exceeded that of the control.
Keywords: Alginite; genistifolioside; Fagus sylvatica seeds; germination; Juniperus sabina.
Ecological water quality and benthic macroinverte-brates: impact on fish spawning grounds in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire
Iridjé Marcelle Bodji, Mamadou Soro, Lèfoungognon Coulibaly, Konan Gervais N’zi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582176
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the ecological quality of ichthyological spawning grounds in the Lake Buyo partial wildlife reserve, part of Taï National Park. Ichthyological spawning grounds are aquatic habitats used by fish for reproduction. In Côte d’Ivoire, knowledge of these spawning grounds was very fragmentary and mostly based on an inventory and summary description of spawning grounds. Data collection was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019 at 11 ichthyological spawning grounds. Benthic macroin-vertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen bucket and handle dip net. Ten grab samples were taken at each site. The dip net was used to sample habitats that were difficult to access with the grab and were very shallow. The Warwick Ecological Stress Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index were used to analyse water quality. A total of 19,940 individuals belonging to 28 families for a biomass of 1,361,549 g were counted. Thiaridae and Chironomidae families were the most abundant, with 63.28% and 22.88%, respectively. The analysis of the abundance–biomass curves showed that the biomass curve was higher than the abundance curve, with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.61. These values indicate stress due to the enrichment of the water with organic matter. The analysis using the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index indicated that organic pollution ranges from poor (6.98) to very poor (7.73). The ecological quality of the lake’s waters has a negative impact on ecological diversity, leading to the disappearance of certain aquatic species through the destruction of spawning grounds.
Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates; ecological water quality; ichthyological spawning grounds; Lake Buyo.
Soil health and business models: a review and analysis carried out in the NOVASOIL project
Javier Bravo-García, Francisco José Blanco-Velazquez, Felix Ángel Gonzalez-Peñaloza, Fernando Alonso-Martin, Kalvi Tamm, Fabian Frick, Greta Winkler, Fabio Bartollini, Ana Iglesias, Mohammed Hussen Alemu, María Anaya-Romero
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582175
ABSTRACT. Soil health is critical for sustainable agriculture, healthy ecosystems, and environmental resilience. Soil degradation caused by unsustainable practices must be addressed through innovative economic and environmental solutions. This review explores how innovative environmental monitoring technologies, such as remote sensing, drones, and soil sensors, and innovative business models that influence soil management contribute significantly to the improvement of soil health. This study first highlights the key indicators of soil health, including soil organic carbon, nutrient levels, erosion rates and their potential use in ecosystem service markets, such as carbon credits, to incentivise improved soil management. Additionally, this study considers the legal and policy frameworks necessary to support these business models, with a particular focus on the European Union’s Soil Monitoring Law and its implications for the agricultural and environmental sectors. Together, these innovative components offer a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities for transforming soil health management into a profitable and sustainable enterprise, contributing to global goals, such as climate mitigation and biodiversity preservation.
Keywords: ecosystem services; soil monitoring law; soil indicators; sustainability.
Effect of pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and the chemical quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans
Mohammed Alhassan, Patrick Kumah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582174
ABSTRACT. Cocoa is a highly valuable economic crop that generates income and foreign exchange for Ghana. However, the rejection of cocoa beans on the international market due mainly to inappropriate fermentation methods and postharvest practices is a major problem confronting this sector. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and chemical attributes of the beans. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial with a completely randomised design and three replicates. Pod size (small, medium and large) and fermentation method (heap, tray and basket fermentation) were each evaluated at three levels. There were changes in temperature using all three fermentation methods, such that temperature increased from an average of 37.8 to 41.7°C in the first 24 h. The heap fermentation method had the highest temperature (41.7°C) after 4 days. The pod size and fermentation method did not influence the fat content, total titratable acidity, or free fatty acids in the sampled beans. Small pods fermented using the heap fermentation method had the highest pH. The study concluded that the heap fermentation method enhances temperature changes without compromising the chemical quality of cocoa beans, making it the preferred technique for high-quality cocoa production.
Keywords: bean quality; fermentation methods; pod sizes.
Contribution of community forest management groups to effective forest conservation. A case study of the Mwamba Community Forest in Kasama, Zambia
Brenda Romazi Chirwa, Ackim Phiri
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582173
ABSTRACT. Forests play vital roles in the survival of people globally. Despite their usefulness, the loss of forests has not slowed. Hence, various approaches have been used to enhance their management. Effective forest management is key to food security and stability of national economies. The quest for efficient and sustainable management of forested areas has led to the surge in research exploring the involvement of local people in forest management. This study aimed to assess the contribution of community forest management groups in effective forest conservation. Several research questions were asked to explore the subject: What are the approaches used to sustainably manage the Mwamba Community Forest and how effective are they? What challenges are faced to achieve sustainable forest management? What strategies are used to overcome the challenges faced in managing forests in a sustainable manner? This study targeted 127 household respondents living around the Mwamba Community Forest, together with key informants. The mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was used. Questionnaires were administered to collect data from respondents. The variable parameters were analysed using Excel and IBM SPSS statistic 26. The effectiveness of the approaches in managing the natural resources in the forest were confirmed by 84% of the respondents, but 11% disagreed, and 5% were indecisive. The study also revealed various forest management activities being practiced, such as woodlot management, beekeeping, and gardening. The study recommends that the government build capacity in the local communities through training, financial empowerment, and incentives.
Keywords: community forestry; contribution; deforestation; forest groups; sustainability.
Effect of water management strategies on two vegetable crops under a Bhungroo irrigation technology in Upper East Region, Ghana
Henry E. Igbadun, Olufunke Cofie, Michael A. Kpakpo-Sraha, Donatus O. Onwuegbunam, Seifu Tilahun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582172
ABSTRACT. Exploring options to access water for irrigation and water management strategies at the field level is pivotal for improving crop yield and water productivity. Farmer-participatory field trials were conducted in Gorogo and Sepaat communities, Upper East Region, Ghana, in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 irrigation seasons to evaluate the yield response of tomato and onion crops to varied levels of deficit irrigation using Bhungroo irrigation technology. The experimental factor was water application depth at four levels: 65, 85, and 100% of crop water requirement (CWR) and farmers’ discretion. Irrigation water productivity (IWP) was computed as a function of the yield and water applied. Seasonal water used in the tomato fields ranged from 232 to 502 mm, while the onion trials varied from 358 to 750 mm. The fresh fruit yield of tomato ranged from 6.0 to 17.5 t ha−1 in the two seasons, while the dry onion bulb yields ranged from 15.2 to 25.4 t ha−1. The IWP ranged from 2.11 to 3.61 kg m−3 for tomato and from 2.05 to 4.51 kg m−3 for onion. The lowest values were obtained from the least water applied, while the highest values were obtained from the highest. The deficit irrigation schedules significantly decreased both yield and IWP compared to 100% CWR in tomato and onion, while the farmers’ discretion led to over-irrigation in both study locations. It is recommended that tomato and onion crops be irrigated to meet the full crop water requirement in the study areas.
Keywords: deficit irrigation; drip irrigation; onion; tomato; water productivity.
Assessing the impact of the no-tillage system on soil physical parameters and water conservation in corn crops
Matei Titianu, Tudor George Aostăcioaei, Gabriel Dumitru Mihu, Serginho Cakpo, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582171
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the impact of two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on soil physical properties and soil water conserva-tion capacity in an experiment conducted on the Big Island of Braila during two agricultural years (2022–2023). The aim was to evaluate the implications of the NT system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the CT system. The designated area, the Big Island of Braila, has specific climatic conditions that make this research of great interest for assessing the possibility of imple-menting NT practice in the future. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year. Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.
Keywords: conventional tillage; no-tillage; soil physical properties.
Cover story
The Cranial Adaptations of the Tiger – The Key to a Lethal Bite
The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles.
These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
The anatomical study was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, part of the University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” in Iași, Romania – Publisher of the Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment.
Bioplastic content in biowaste: a growing problem in composting efficiency and quality
Alessandra Fiorucci, Maria Elena Bini, Alessandra Bonoli
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581170
ABSTRACT. The increase in fossil fuel–based plastic use and its subsequential refuse production and dispersion in the environment cause long-lasting waste that can pile up quickly. Compostable bio-based plastics, polymeric compounds that are functionally similar to fossil fuel–based plastics, seem to be more environmentally sustainable and particularly useful and recommended in food packaging. Even with the lower impacts of bioplastics, there is still a need for effective end-of-life management strategies to promote more efficient treatment of bioplastic waste. For biodegradable bioplastics, this endeavour could involve composting. Bioplastics would be processed like any other organic waste, prompting a closer study of how efficient this process is in degrading them, or if their presence can persist in high-quality compost or even in cultivated food. This paper focuses on organic waste treatment and compost production to assess the efficiency of bioplastic degrada-tion, aiming to explore the bioplastic content in compost in reference with a wide com-posting plants overview. An analysis of waste flow data from selected Italian composting plants highlighted a bioplastic reduction rate near 80%, with a small variance for different kinds of bioplastics, stressing the importance of investing in collection.
Keywords: bioplastic; biowaste; compost; treatment efficiency; waste management.
Factors associated with the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda
Douglas Andabati Candia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581169
ABSTRACT. The majority of households in Uganda rely on traditional cooking fuels the use of which is associated with many dangers. This study sought to identify the factors related to the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda. The study used secondary data from the 2018–19 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS). The analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test and the complementary log-log regression model. Most respondents used unclean cooking fuels (98.96%). The use of clean cooking fuels was more likely among households in the richest wealth index category, those from the Pentecostal/born-again/evangelical or other religions, and households that had electricity. An increase in household members was found to reduce the likelihood of using clean cooking fuels. There is a need for the government to reduce the initial connection fees to the power grid and the tariff per unit of electricity consumed by households in Uganda.
Keywords: complementary log-log regression; cooking fuel; Uganda.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on wheat crop water requirements in Central Afghanistan
Homayoon Raoufi, Jamily Abdul Saleem
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581168
ABSTRACT. Water crises in agricultural production are a serious issue in water-limited ecosystems and farming regions. This study was conducted to estimate crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling under climate change in Central Afghanistan using CROPWAT8.0 software. The climatic variables were acquired from local organisations and the general circulation model (GCM) (1990–2020). The temperature and rainfall patterns were evaluated under three scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) from 2025 to 2100. CROPWAT8.0 was used to assess reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling based on predicted meteorological conditions under different scenarios. The crop water requirements under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 increased by 9.74, 9.99, and 10.28 mm/day, respectively, compared to the baseline at 9.07 mm/day. Moreover, crop irrigation requirements would increase by 92.5 (18.46%), 109.7 (21.88%), and 100.7 mm/dec (20.09%) under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively, compared to the baseline at 62.65 mm/dec. Furthermore, the results showed that wheat needs 3 irrigations in the baseline scenario, while it would need 4 irrigations for future scenarios due to an increase in crop irrigation requirements. The results of this study will be useful for agricultural practices and management.
Keywords: Afghanistan; irrigation scheduling; precipitation; scenarios; temperature.
