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Issue 3 (199)/2024

Sound and Silence: A Comparative Study of Noise Pollution in Shimla’s Residential and Commercial Sectors, Himachal Pradesh, India

Nov 18, 2024 |

Hritik Thakur, Pawan K. Attri

ABSTRACT. Noise pollution is a growing global issue, impacting both developed and developing countries, including India. Shimla, a historically significant city and a popular hill station in Himachal Pradesh, is experiencing increasing noise pollution due to its expanding population, more vehicles, congested roads, and tourists. This study evaluates noise pollution in Shimla’s commercial and residential areas, comparing current levels with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standards and proposing mitigation measures. Noise was measured using a Metravi (SL-4010) sound level meter, with readings taken every three minutes for three hours in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. The equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) was calculated and compared to standards. Measurements were conducted in March and April 2024 at 15 locations. Additionally, a survey of 100 people assessed the causes and effects of noise pollution. Results showed that the Leq dB(A) values ranged from 76.87 dB(A) at Boileauganj Chowk to 84.97 dB(A) at the Old Bus Stand in commercial areas. In residential areas, Khalini Chowk recorded the highest Leq of 80.56 dB(A), while Mall Road had the lowest at 76.87 dB(A). Vehicles were identified as the primary noise source by 75% of respondents. In the survey, 51.67% of respondents reported irritation due to high noise levels, and 38.33% experienced headaches, highlighting the adverse effects on residents’ well-being and health. All locations exceeded CPCB standards for noise levels. The study recommends measures to reduce noise pollution in Shimla and suggests further comprehensive noise pollution studies in Himachal Pradesh.

Keywords: commercial area; noise pollution; residential area; shimla.

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Predictive Air Pollution Assessment Using Matrix Algebra And GIS/GPS in Aguleri Anambra State

Nov 18, 2024 |

Leonard Chukwuemeka Anyika, Chidi Obi

ABSTRACT. This study assessed the air pollution loads of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10) from Aguleri in Anambra State of Nigeria using matrix algebra and the geographical information system (GIS)/global positioning system (GPS) attachment to MATLAB. The pollutant values of SO2 and NO2 were obtained using the Crowcon Gas Monitor Model CE 89/336/EEC, while the PM10 values were obtained with the Crowcon Particulate Monitor Model No.1000 with the serial number 298621. The pollution characteristics of the study area were simulated using the polynomial expression yi = k + k1x1 + k2x2 + k3x3 +… knxn.. The predictive parameter constants, k, were determined with the solution to the simultaneous equations arising from the polynomial expressions using matrix algebra. MATLAB 7.9 curve fitting software was used to produce associated model equations from the fitted curves for the variations of SO2, NO2 and PM10 as a function of locations in Aguleri for both rainy and dry seasons. The evaluation of pollution models used for the study showed that constants from the fitted curves do not closely match constants from ab initio calculations. The corresponding coordinates in both GIS/GPS contour and surface plots revealed a pollution distribution concentration of 50% in Aguleri. The results revealed that the stations in Aguleri had a satisfactory air pollution index rating. This study serves as an improvement to air quality studies and a veritable tool for air quality management and policymaking.

Keywords: air pollutants; particulate matter; polynomial equations; seasons; software.

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Sources of Information Used by the Farmers in the Nineveh Plains

Nov 18, 2024 |

Shawkat A. M’Sadeq, Hojeen M. Abdullah, Nabaz I. Mohammed, Fathi A. Omer, Nashwan S. Mizzouri, Amanda J. Dickson, Peter M. Hirst, Mark A. Russell

ABSTRACT. The study examined the different agriculture information channels utilized by farmers in the Nineveh Plains. A total of 308 of information sources were classified based on districts, minority groups, and age categories. A comprehensive questionnaire was prepared and covered several channels, including experienced farmers, farmer groups, extension offices, NGOs, radio, TV, newspapers, and libraries. The results of this study showed that Experienced farmers were the most dependable agriculture information source for farmers in Al-Hamdaniya, Bashiqa, and Telkaif. In Al Hamdaniya, 77.4% considered experienced farmers trustworthy, while in Bashiqa and Telkaif, percentages were 74.7% and 66.3%, respectively. Farmers from various minorities, including Turkmen (79.4%), Shabak (75.3%), Christian, Kaki (74.1%), and Yazidi (69.1%), identified experienced farmers as the predominant and trusted information source. farmers’ groups, and NGOs as source of information were significantly differed among minorities. The majority of kaki farmers (59.3%) depended on the Farmers’ group as source of information. However, 48% of Christian farmers (48.3%) received agriculture information from NGOs. Based on age categories, high percentage of interviewed farmer considered radio, TV, newspapers, libraries, extension offices, farmer groups, and NGOs as not dependable information sources. Instead, more than 68% of famers from all age group considered experienced farmers as the primary and trusted source of information.

Keywords: field crops; information sources; livestock; Nineveh Plains; vegetables; water resources.

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Genetic Assessment of Yield Traits and Heterosis in Maize Testcrosses under Different Soil Nitrogen Conditions

Nov 18, 2024 |

Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin

ABSTRACT. Yield trials demand significant time and resources, necessitating efficient data collection on parental lines to optimise breeding programs and reduce costs. This study assessed the correlation between parental traits and hybrid performance, consistency, and predictability of trait expression in F1 hybrids and the heterotic advantage of agronomic traits. A total of 82 parental lines (79 lines and 3 testers) and 237 testcrosses were evaluated alongside 3 standard checks under low- and optimum-soil nitrogen (N) conditions at the Institute for Agricultural Research experimental fields in Zaria and Mokwa during the 2019/20 and 2020/21 growing seasons. Significant genetic variability was observed among parental lines and testcrosses, offering strategic breeding opportunities. Grain yield reductions under low-N conditions (35–95% in inbreds and 1.3–89% in hybrids) highlighted the impact of N stress and the need for N tolerance in maize genotypes. Correlation analysis and repeatability results linked yield improvement in low-N tolerant maize hybrids to the selection of parental lines with superior performance in traits, such as grain yield, stay-green characteristics, and flowering traits. Parental lines P69 and P14, which showed high tolerance to low N and consistent high yields, were identified as valuable genetic resources. Among the hybrids, P65×T2, P66×T3, and P66×T2 stood out, with grain yields exceeding 6000 kg/ha, representing a 42% yield advantage over the best check. These hybrids also demonstrated a high heterotic advantage over their parents and standard checks, indicating their potential for adoption as commercial hybrids in Nigeria.

Keywords: biplot; heterosis; line × tester analysis; maize testcrosses; nitrogen stress; trait correlation.

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Evaluation of In Vitro Protocols for Effective Regeneration of West African Theobroma cocoa (L)

Nov 18, 2024 |

Bardee Wrojay Potter Jr., Bismark Anokye, Esther E. Uchendu

ABSTRACT. Cacao is a perennial tree crop from the Malvaceae family. It is made up of twenty-one species, with Theobroma cacao as the commonest and one of the most economically important crops globally. West Africa is the largest region of producers. Lack of availability of planting materials all year round has been a major factor besetting cocoa production in West Africa and has led to a drastic reduction in production in the last decade. Establishing an efficient in vitro protocol for germinating zygotic embryos of local West African cocoa varieties offers a solution to expedite large-scale planting material production to enhance cocoa sustainable production and material availability. An effective in vitro protocol for germinating zygotic embryos of local West African cocoa varieties will help produce large planting materials within the shortest possible time and promote sustainable supply, which could boost cocoa production within the region and increase the availability of planting materials. Four West African local varieties of Theobroma cacao were cultured in three explant types on both Driver and Kuniyaki Walnut (DKW) basal salts and Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture media without growth regulators for twenty days. The three explant types included seeds with mucilage (SWM), seeds without mucilage (SWtM) and embryo axis (EA). The cultured explants were kept in a growth room of light intensity with a temperature of 25 ℃ ±1, relative humidity of 85% and the three explant types responded differently. Germination responses significantly varied among the explant types. SWtM sprouted earlier with more than 160 plantlets before day 5, followed by EA with 150 plantlets before day 5, while SWM showed the lowest mean germination percentage of 8% compared to SWtM and EA with 9% Early sprouting was observed in the DKW medium with almost 250 (34.72%) plantlets development before day five compared to the MS medium with less than 150 (20.83%) plantlets development, but the MS medium produces the optimal growth performance with the best mean germination time of 0.08 per day, final germination percentage of 71.39%, and development of the growth parameters leading to the development of plantlets, including 2.60 for number of leaves. This study shows that the media for in vitro culture and the source of explants significantly influence seed germination and produce dissimilar effects on the germination of zygotic embryos of Theobroma cacao varieties. The study recommends using SWtM on DKW medium for early sprouting of seeds of Theobroma cacao followed by a transfer into MS medium for seedling development into plants.

Keywords: DKW; explants types; germination; in vitro; media types; MS; Theobroma cacao.

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Efficiency of Different Methods in Breaking the Dormancy of Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. Seeds

Nov 18, 2024 |

Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq

ABSTRACT. Erythrina lysistemon seeds imported to Libya go through a stage of being unable to germinate; we call this phase “dormancy”. The present study evaluated the efficiency of the following methods in breaking the dormancy of newly collected Erythrina lysistemon seeds from mature pods and stored for 12 months: untreated seeds (control), mechanical scarification with sandpaper, soaking treatments (tap water for 24 h, hydrochloric acid for 60 min, hydrogen peroxide for 48 h, acetone for 72 h, Clorox cleaner for 72 h, cow dung and chicken manure for 24 h, and hot water at 100° C for 30 min), scarification with soaking (distilled water for 24 h, and cow dung and chicken manure for 12 h). All treatments showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the germination rates of newly collected E. lysistemon seeds from mature pods, except for the treatment in which seeds were soaked in tap water for 48 h, which was ineffective. The different scarification treatments were more efficient than the other treatments, recording the highest germination percentages and lowest mean germination times, while the soaking treatments led to high seed mortality. In contrast, seeds stored for 12 months showed a significant decrease in germination percentage with a delayed mean germination time compared to newly collected seeds under all tested treatments. Soaking all treatments was ineffective in breaking the dormancy of E. lysatetemon seeds stored for 12 months. The results indicate that E. lysistemon seeds have physical dormancy that can be overcome using different scarification.

Keywords: mature seed; mechanical scarification; physical dormancy; stored seed.

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Assessing the Impact of Agricultural Practices on Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria

Sep 6, 2024 |

Bright Oluwatomilola Olunusi

ABSTRACT. This study investigates environmental sustainability and growth trends in Nigeria over a 30-year period (1991–2020), focusing on key indicators such as agriculture value added, forest area, employment in agriculture, employment in industry, and renewable energy consumption. Time series analysis reveals a linear increase in deforested land and agricultural expansion, alongside a decline in agricultural employment, which stabilised around 2013. Employment in the industry showed a dip until 2011, then increased steadily. Gender-disaggregated data highlights a notable disparity in agricultural employment, with significantly more males engaged compared to females. Using regression analysis with leaps, autoregressive distributed lag models, and Granger causality tests, the study identifies strong associations between deforested land and predictor variables such as agricultural land percentage, employment in industry, and renewable energy consumption. The results show that these variables significantly predict deforestation. Interestingly, a significant negative association was found between employment in agriculture and deforestation, although causality tests indicated no significant causation, suggesting a nuanced relationship influenced by factors like land-use conflicts and climate change. These findings highlight the nexus between socio-economic factors and environmental outcomes, emphasising the need for targeted policies to address deforestation, promote sustainable land management, and reduce gender disparities in agriculture. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to foster sustainable development and inclusive economic growth in Nigeria and across Africa.

Keywords: agricultural land-use change; deforestation; economic development; environmental sustainability; renewable energy; time series analysis.

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Morphological and Physiological Responses of Maize to Varying Nitrogen Sources and Stress Levels in Hydroponic Systems: a Comparative Study

Aug 1, 2024 |

S.M. Abidur Rahman, Billal Hossain Momen, Rashedur Rahman Tanvir, Bitopi Biswas, Mosammat Nilufar Yasmin, Tariful Alam Khan, M. Robiul Islam

ABSTRACT. A hydroponic experiment was conducted at the Precision and Automated Agriculture Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, from April to August 2023. The objective was to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of maize to varying nitrogen sources and stress levels in hydroponic systems. The experiment comprised three nitrogen treatments: CN (100% chemical nitrogen as 2 mM NH4NO3), ON (100% organic nitrogen as 4 mM glycine), and LN (low nitrogen as 10% of 2 mM NH4NO3 chemical nitrogen solution). The popular maize variety NH7720 (marketed by Syngenta Bangladesh Limited) was used. The experiments followed a completely randomised design with three replications. The CN treatment consistently outperformed the ON and LN treatments in various growth-related parameters, including plant height (72.73 cm), leaf area (295.54 cm²), shoot dry weight (0.65 g/plant), total chlorophyll content (3.11 mg/g), and shoot (11.06%) and root (10.82%) protein content, indicating that adequate nitrogen treatment stimulated strong growth and development in maize plants. Conversely, the LN treatment exhibited a superior shoot-to-root ratio (85.43%), proline accumulation (188.01 µg/g), number of root tips (21.25), root length (31.65 cm), root network area (619.10 cm²), root diameter (5.63 mm), root volume (13944.71 mm³), and root surface area (3705.51 mm²). These results suggest that under nitrogen-deficient conditions, maize plants allocate resources to root development and stress tolerance mechanisms. The organic nitrogen (ON) treatment showed intermediate results, being statistically similar to both the CN and LN treatments across a range of characteristics, suggesting that organic nitrogen or glycine might be less effective than chemical nitrogen or ammonium nitrate in promoting optimal maize growth.

Keywords: hydroponic experiment; maize; morphological adaptation; nitrogen stress; physiological adaptation.

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Yield and Quality Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Cultivars by Different Sowing Dates

Jul 30, 2024 |

Mehmet Necat İZGİ, Abdullah ÇİL, Ayşe Nuran ÇİL

ABSTRACT. A field trial was initiated to ascertain the optimal sowing date for five distinct sunflower cultivars in Turkey’s Mardin Province. The trial scrutinised various parameters including plant height, head diameter, seed yield, protein content, oil content and oil yield. The first sowing produced the highest seed yields (3484 kg ha−1), with the Şems (3255 kg ha−1) and Zuhat (3157 kg ha−1) cultivars producing the highest values. The highest overall oil content was achieved in the second sowing (31.7%) and in the Zuhat cultivar (34.6%). The highest mean oil yields were observed in the Zuhat cultivar (1096 kg ha−1) and in the first sowing (1084 kg ha−1). There was a general decrease in yield as the sowing date was delayed. Winter sowing is suggested for the Zuhat cultivar. If possible, the second sunflower crop should be sown shortly following the harvest of the main crop.

Keywords: cultivar; oil content; protein content; sunflower; sowing date; yield.

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Protein Content Stability of Triticale Genotypes Under Multiple Environments Using AMMI Analysis

Jul 9, 2024 |

Enver Kendal

ABSTRACT. Triticale is an important source of protein in animal nutrition, both as grain and silage. Protein is a quality criterion that is strongly affected by the environment and genetic factors. The objectives of this study were to assess genotype–environment (G-E) interactions and determine and compare stable genotypes to recommend for further evaluation. The protein content of 12 genotypes obtained from 7 environments were evaluated using additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 growing seasons in 4 locations in Turkey. The variance of AMMI analysis based on protein content showed a significant effect of environment, genotype and G–E interaction, with a 93.0, 2.3 and 4.5% total variation, respectively. Partitioning of the total sum of squares showed that the effect of environment was a predominant source of variation, followed by the G–E interaction and genotype effect. AMMI analysis showed that the first principal component was highly significant at P < 0.01. The mean grain protein content varied from 14.9 to 16.2% among the genotypes and from 10.9 to 18.8% among the environments. AMMI analysis indicated that G3, G12 and G1 were quite promising genotypes. G8, which was used as a variety candidate in this research, was quite stable but had a low protein value. In addition, G3, G11 and G12 had a higher protein content than the standard varieties evaluated in this research. G3 had both a high protein content and stable genotype; therefore, it can be recommended to release as a candidate. As AMMI analysis indicated, E1 and E7 environments were especially suitable for protein studies in triticale, while E4, E5 and E6 showed poor results and were not suitable environments.

Keywords: AMMI; location; protein content; triticale.

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© by the authors; licensee Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment, Iasi, Romania. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)