Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment (ALSE) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal on Agricultural, Horticultural and Animal Sciences, Food Sciences, Veterinary Medicine and Environmental Management in the field of Applied Life Sciences, published quarterly online and in print by “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS).
Latest Articles
Nitrogen Feeding of Winter Peas at the Spring Vegetation Recovery Stage
Svetlana Burykina, Leonid Serhieiev, Inna Kohut, Victor Sharii
ABSTRACT. In a field experiment from 2020–2023 on the southern chernozems of the Odessa region of Ukraine, we studied the effect of the doses and timing of mineral nitrogen application when growing winter peas on the tuberization process and crop productivity. Mineral nitrogen in doses of 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha in the form of ammonium nitrate was applied in different development phases of winter peas under seedbed cultivation: foliar top dressing with urea solutions during the resumption of spring vegetation, the budding phase and the beginning of grain filling. Winter pea of the Enduro variety was sown annually on October 20, with a row spacing of 15 cm and a rate of 1.2 million germinating seeds per hectare. The previous crop was winter wheat. The conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine for winter sown peas were shown for the first time. The introduction of mineral nitrogen at a rate of 30–60 kg/ha into the soil during sowing inhibited the formation of nodules from the active spring growth phase. The mass of nodules on the roots of pea plants decreased by 30–50% compared to the control variant without nitrogen application. The same norms of mineral nitrogen introduced in early spring during the resumption of vegetation on the leaf in the form of aqueous solutions did not have a negative impact on tuberization. The correlation coefficient between the dose of mineral nitrogen and the number and weight of nodules did not exceed 0.37, indicating a weak relationship between these indicators. The share of influence of mineral nitrogen norms did not exceed 13.7%. With this method of application, the nitrogen content in the vegetative mass of winter peas exceeded the control variant by 18–27%.
Keywords: calcic chernozem doses; mineral nitrogen; nodules; peas; terms; winter sowing.
The Effectiveness of Composting Using Stabilizing Urban Sewage Sludge Compounds
Liza Ogawa, Leopoldo Sussumu Matsumoto, Roberta Dos Santos Toledo, Jonatas Campos de Almeida, Victor Bittencourt Dutra Tabacow, Fernanda Maria de Oliveira Dias, Diego Resende Rodrigues, Thaís Monica Cabral, Roberta Lemos Freire, Italmar Teodorico Navarro
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this investigation was to verify the effectiveness of composting in the sanitization of sludge from urban sewage (SS). The treatments (T) used consisted of SS mixed with sugarcane bagasse (SB), tree pruning residues (TP), poultry litter (PL) or grass clipping (GC) at a carbon/nitrogen ratio of approximately 30/1 and ratios of T1 (SS+SB), T2 (SS+SB+TP), T3 (SS+SB+GC), T4 (SS+SB+PL) or T5 (SS+SB+TP+GC). Temperature was measured daily for over 280 days of composting. Every two weeks, the compounds were analyzed for thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs using the multiple-tube and Yanko techniques; and once each month to identify Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts using the sucrose and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and nested PCR followed by sequencing. The maximum temperatures measured in the thermophilic phase of the compounds ranged from 55°C to 64.8°C, and at day 280, weight reductions of 27% (T1), 48% (T2), 63% (T3), 66% (T4) and 64% (T5) were observed. The absence of fecal coliforms was observed from day 98 (T4), day 126 (T1), day 196 (T3 and T5) and day 210 (T2). All treatments resulted in helminth egg inviability and the absence of protozoan (oo)cysts. Only T4 and T5 were positive for G. duodenalis according to the sequencing analysis. In conclusion, high temperatures during the composting thermophilic phase made the use of pathogens required by legislation unfeasible; therefore, it is important to investigate the viability of protozoa in compounds to ensure a safe final product for human and animal health.
Keywords: biosolids; coliforms; temperature; thermotolerant viable helminth eggs.
Cover story
Ornamental vegetable gardens are aesthetic, educational, ecological, economical, sanitary and a source of fresh food. Small allotments in urban and peri-urban areas do not allow the implementation of utilitarian gardens.
Thus, ornamental vegetable gardens are the best choice. Raised beds can be used to enhance the decorative effect of the entire vegetable garden (see page 1).
Peculiarities of the Masticatory Apparatus of Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Constantin Spataru, Mihaela-Claudia Spataru
ABSTRACT. Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are rodents that feed on grassy plants, buds and sprouts, with cheek teeth having specialised abrasive surfaces for plant grinding. In analysing the prehension and trituration ways of guinea pigs, many differences concerning mandible conformation, the positioning of cheek teeth and the morphology of the masticatory muscles compared to other rodents were found. Masticatory muscles of guinea pigs are predominant compared to the mimetic muscles which are reduced. Compared to other rodents, in guinea pigs, inside the tendon thickness of the superficial part of the masseter muscle there are two rounded cartilaginous structures such as sesamoids. The dorsal one is larger, measuring about 3–4 mm in diameter having the role of reducing pressure on the tendon when it passes over the mandible ridge. The other is ventrally placed, about 2–3 mm in size and protects the tendon of the superficial part of the masseter muscle when it passes over the ventral tubercle of the mandible.
Keywords: guinea pig; mandible; masseter; masticator muscles; skull.
Morphoclinical and Paraclinical Features of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Vasile Boghian
ABSTRACT. The study aims to identify the morphoclinical and paraclinical elements useful in the diagnosis of FIP, given that the symptoms are sometimes uncharacteristic, varied and often similar to those of other diseases. The morphoclinical features of 32 patients diagnosed with FIP were evaluated. In 26 patients (81.25%), the predominant symptomatology was similar: intermittent fever, loss of appetite, weakness, dyspnoea and physical signs of peritoneal fluid collection. The peritoneal puncture fluid was inflammatory, with numerous large phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), lymphocytes and, in some cases, red blood cells. The cell blood count (CBC) showed the existence of normocytic, hypochromic and hypoplastic anaemia and the presence of an active systemic inflammatory process, confirmed by the presence of aggregated platelets and segmented and vacuolated neutrophils in the stained smear May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG). Biochemical blood examination revealed the evolution of a physiopathological syndrome of hepatocytolysis, increased tissue catabolism and haemolytic anaemia. These results confirm that FIP is usually a systemic disease with polymorphic clinical signs, and biochemical blood tests, unlike CBC, have more prognostic value and lower value for suspecting the disease. However, sometimes, lesions and associated clinical signs in a single organ predominate. Thus, in three patients (9.37%), the predominant symptomatology was hepato-digestive with hepatocellular jaundice; one patient had obvious clinical signs of renal failure, one had signs of cortical syndrome, and one patient showed periosteal lesions (granulomatous osteitis). These results indicate that some less common lesions in cats, such as osteitis granulomatous, should be included in the list of FIP lesions.
Keywords: peritoneal effusion; osteitis granulomatous; cat.
Retained Surgical Sponge in a Dog: Clinical Aspects and Surgical Approach
Liviu Cătălin Burtan, Alexandra Ciubotariu
ABSTRACT. Although retained surgical sponges are rarely reported, their clinical aspect can sometimes vary and therefore, the diagnosis can be challenging. An eight-year-old mixed breed dog was brought in for a skin lesion on the lateral abdominal wall that appeared nine weeks previously, which could not be treated even though both local and general therapy had been carried out. During antibiotic administration, the dog’s condition improved, but once the treatment was completed, the wound and secretions started to reappear. Diagnosis of a retained surgical gauze was based on history, clinical signs, radiological examination and confirmed by surgical exploration. This article aims to describe the clinical and surgical findings of this pathology, which appeared four years after the surgical procedure, in order to disseminate knowledge about the complications that may occur if negligence, disorganisation or lack of emergency protocols exists.
Keywords: dog; fistula; sponge; gauze; wound.
Transfer Of Heavy Metals in Soil In-Plum Cultivation: a Field Study in Adamachi Iasi, Romania
Mariana Rusu, Irina Gabriela Cara, Manuela Filip, Anca-Elena Calistru, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
ABSTRACT. Currently, global environmental concerns about heavy metal pollution are driven by rapid urbanization and industrial development. Therefore, a field study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Co, Zn, Ni and Cu) in orchard soils and its transfer to two plum varieties (Stanley and Anna Späth) at Adamachi Farm – Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS). In addition, heavy metal transfer (MTF), daily metals intake (DIM) and the index of health risk (HRI) were evaluated. The concentration of Pb, Co, Zn, Ni and Cu in soil and plum leaves samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion with a mixture of HNO3 (65%), HCl (37%) and HClO4 (60%). Metal concentration patterns occurred as follows 130.65>76.6>30.36> 21.69>13.26 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Co in soil samples and 20.16>10.00> 2.10>1.68 mg/kg for Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in plum leaves, while Co residue was not detected. The maximum heavy metal concentrations were found at the soil surface (0 – 30 cm depth) due to soil organo-mineral content and antifungal treatments. The health risk index predicted (HRI) for adults as well as children was in the sequence Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn, suggesting no health risk with values that did not exceed the safe limit (1). Therefore, it is essential to manage the causes and sources of heavy metal transfer prudently and effectively in order to prevent environmental contamination.
Keywords: concentrations; heavy metals; leaves; plum orchard; soil.
The Influence of Minimal NPK Fertilisation on the Quantity and Quality of Apple Yields
Diana Elena Bolohan, Mariana Volf, Lucian Răus
ABSTRACT. During an annual cycle, fruit trees go through developmental stages, characterised by a higher demand for some mineral elements, called critical periods, which coincide with the phenophases of bud opening and shoot initiation. Research on mineral nutrition in fruit growing has highlighted that the maximum consumption of nutrients is during the period of shoot growth, fruit development and differentiation of fruit buds. In apple, flowering is influenced more by the time of fertiliser application and the form of nitrogen than by the amount applied, as apple has high requirements for the element phosphorus in the phenophases of intense shoot growth and wood maturation. Fertilisation with NPK increased apple yield for both fertilisation treatments compared to the unfertilised control treatments. After applying 270 kg·ha⁻¹ NPK in the first year of the experiment, very significant production increases were obtained, 4.46t·ha⁻¹, with a content of 16% dry matter, 13.13°Brix soluble matter and a titratable acidity of 0.465 mg malic acid/100 g.
Keywords: dry weight; soil fertilisation; soluble substance; titratable acidity.
Current Aspects of Environmental Regulations and Interventions in Europe – Research Focus on Human Health
Carmen-Mariana Diaconu, Alexandru Trifu, Gabriel-Ionuț Plavan, Alin Ciobîcă, Sabina Ioana Cojocaru
ABSTRACT. The article focuses on a synthetic presentation of environmental legislation and policies at national and European level, based on the analysis of government strategies that aim to improve living standards through education starting from an early level, through the implementation of waste management resulting from industrial and domestic activities, through the modernization of the rural environment as a result of the financing of water supply, access programme to alternative energy and specifically gas.
Keywords: environmental regulations/ interventions; human health; pollution.
Effect of Grape Skin Powder Addition on Chemical, Nutritional and Technological Properties of Cheese
Roxana Nicoleta Rațu, Marius Giorgi Usturoi, Răzvan Mihail Radu-Rusu, Ionuț Dumitru Veleșcu, Florin Daniel Lipșa, Vlad Nicolae Arsenoaia, Alina Narcisa Postolache, Ioana Cristina Crivei, Petru Marian Cârlescu
ABSTRACT. Large amounts of chemicals with useful properties can be found in by-products of the processing of grapes. Consumer interest in functional foods has increased recently, with dairy products dominating this market. Constituents from grape-based by-products that are naturally occurring in grapes have the potential to enhance the functional qualities of dairy products and lessen environmental damage. As a result, the goal of this research is to provide crucial information on the use of grape skin powder as a helpful ingredient in the manufacture of cheese. In this study, grape skin powder (GSP) was added to cheese to increase its bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content (TPC) was significantly greater in the enriched cheese (5.483±0.443 mg C3G/100 g DW). Adding 2% grape skin powder to the cheese formulation gave an increase of 0.295 mg CE/g DW of TFC and 2.046 mg GAE/g DW of TPC. The GSP-supplemented cheese also showed greater antioxidant activity than the control. This study demonstrates that grape by-products can effectively transfer beneficial compounds to cheese.
Keywords: food; functional; grapes by-products; quality.
Cover Story
The western Mediterranean is an area particularly affected by the effects of climate change, which makes it a hotspot, and it is also an area where there is particular competition for land use, where subtropical crops coexist with traditional crops including vines, olives, and almond trees, and where there is growing demand for urban development and tourism (see page 473).
The Seedling Growth Response of Pisum Sativum L. to Different Types of Compost
Bina Jamsher, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Shafiq, Mohammad Athar
ABSTRACT. The constant increase in the high number of population, anthropogenic and industrial activities are alarming issues and raise food security issues around the world. The treatment of compost acts as an effective and environmentally friendly tool for an increase in vegetable production. This research article records the effects of three soil compost treatments (1) dry leaves (Ficus bengalensis L.), (2) solid waste (mustard oil cake) and (3) chicken manure, alone and in combination, with seedling growth performances of pea in pot culture experiments with five replications. The results showed that soil compost treatments showed a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the physicochemical features of soil and the physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Soil compost analysis revealed a difference in soil porosity and pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total organic carbon, CaCO3, Na+, K+, phosphorous and nitrogen. Plant tissue analysis of pea seedlings also showed different levels of sodium, potassium and phosphorous values. The findings of the present research work concludes that the treatment of F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment produced maximum growth performance, and the mustard oil cake solid waste (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment showed the lowest seedling growth performance. The F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%), soil compost application treatment showed the maximum seedling height of pea. The solid waste (SW) mixed with garden loam (GL) (SW 25% + GL 75%) and mustard oil cake solid waste alone treatment showed the lowest seedling growth of pea. The F. bengalensis dry leaves 25% + garden loam 75% compost treatment also influenced on the soil properties.
Keywords: Compost; Ficus benglensis; garden loam; organic matter; pea.
Germination and Early Growth Performance of Prekese, Tetrapleura Tetraptera to Seed Pretreatment Methods and Phosphorus Fertilizer in the Nursery Phase
Adams Latif Mohammed, Frank Addai, Joseph Cobbinah, Elvis Bawa
ABSTRACT. Seeds of Tetrapleura tetraptera trees have poor germination due to their hard and impervious seed coat. This research was conducted to determine the possibilities of reducing seed dormancy using seed pretreatment via the application of sulphuric acid and hot water and then phosphorus for better seedling growth. Seeds pretreated with sulphuric acid had a significantly (P˂0.05) increased germination rate (by 60%) compared to seeds pretreated with hot water (40%). The application of phosphorus fertilizer stimulated the early growth of the species. This research provides information for practical use.
Keywords: germination; hot water; phosphorus fertilizer; sulphuric acid; Tetrapleura tetraptera.
Growth Analysis of Cineraria maritima Plants in Green Façade Systems: Northeastern Romania Climate Study
Mirela Cojocariu, Elena Liliana Chelariu, Ciprian Chiruţă
ABSTRACT. Green façades are gradually gaining popularity and may become a modern architectural solution for higher microclimate quality and better urban comfort in densely populated urban areas. This study aimed to monitor the behaviour of Cineraria maritima planted in green façade systems oriented towards four cardinal points in the specific climatic conditions of northeastern Romania in order to test its adaptability and growth in this system. Comparisons were made of its behaviour between the façades of the experimental structure, and between the façades of the experimental structure and the traditional ‘planted in soil’ variant (control variant). Cineraria maritima exhibited good adaptability to vertical cultivation, maintaining its aesthetic properties throughout the growing season. All specimens that overwintered on the façades successfully survived the cold season of 2021–2022 without requiring any cutting or protection measures.
Keywords: Cineraria maritima; urban design; green façades; vertical decor.
Indicators of Pre-Slaughter Stress in Pigs and Their Impact on Meat Quality
Vlad Nicolae Arsenoaia, Răzvan Nicolae Mălăncuș
ABSTRACT. The pre-slaughter handling and transport of pigs can cause stress and negatively affect the quality of meat. This article aims to investigate the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality. The literature suggests that pre-slaughter stress has a significant impact on meat quality, resulting in lower meat pH, increased drip loss, and decreased meat tenderness. When the body experiences stress, cortisol triggers the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, which provides energy for the body to respond to the stressful situation. Both serum cortisol and blood glucose levels increased post-slaughter, with a post-slaughter mean value of 7.28 µg/dl for serum cortisol (compared to the initial mean value of 6.08 µg/dl), while the blood glucose values revealed a highly catabolic state, with mean post-slaughter values of 143.24 mg/dl compared to 129.11 mg/dl mean pre-slaughter results. The study highlights a direct relationship between increased serum cortisol levels and blood glucose values when comparing the pre- and post-slaughter values with the normal reference ranges, with a highly significant correlation between the mentioned parameters (p<0.01). The article also explores potential pre-slaughter indicators such as cortisol and blood glucose levels for predicting stress and meat quality in pigs. Improving pre-slaughter handling and reducing stress can lead to improved meat quality and economic benefits for the pork industry. In terms of pH24, a trust coefficient of 5.46–5.50 revealed the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat pH, resulting in possible inferior meat in terms of quality. The study results showed a highly significant correlation between the cortisol and blood glucose values recorded post-slaughter and pH24 (p<0.05), emphasizing the impact of stress on meat quality and suggesting that both serum cortisol and blood glucose values can be used as specific indicators of meat pH and ultimately meat quality. Keywords: blood glucose; carcass evaluation; cortisol; pork; post-slaughter processing; stress.
The Phytoremediation Potential of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Grown in Soils Historically Polluted With Heavy Metals: A Case Study from Baia Mare, Romania
Roxana Vidican, Tania Mihăiescu, Anca Pleșa, Anamaria Mălinaș, Bianca Pop
ABSTRACT. The aim of this research is to evaluate the ability of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (LA) to accumulate and translocate heavy metals (HMs) from disturbed soils. The study was conducted on a site historically polluted with HMs, located in Baia Mare, Romania. Soil samples and underground (root) and aboveground parts of plants (leaves and stems) were collected from the study site and analysed for HM content (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) by XRF spectroscopy. The potential for phytoremediation of lavender was evaluated according to the bioconcentration (BCF) and the translocation (TF) factors. The results showed that LA efficiently accumulated Cd and Zn. A different partitioning of HM among plant tissues was observed, showing the highest content in the aboveground mass compared to that found in the root (except for Zn). The TF ranged between 0.62 and 3.59, with values higher than unity for Cd and Pb, revealing that this plant is a suitable candidate for phytoextraction of these two trace elements. According to the BCF values, it seems that lavender is able to bioaccumulate high amounts of Cd (6.66), Pb (1.09), and Zn (2.87). Although more research is necessary for conclusive results, our findings confirm the ability of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. to tolerate, accumulate, and translocate high levels of HMs from soil to the aerial parts of the plant.
Keywords: phytoremediation; lavender; heavy metals; bioconcentration and translocation factors.
Land Use Changes and Effects of Rainfall on Vegetation Cover in Two Mediterranean Basins (Málaga, Spain)
Ana Triano-Cornejo, M. Eugenia Perez-Gonzalez, Tomás M. Fernández-Del Castillo, José D. Ruiz-Sinoga
ABSTRACT. The western Mediterranean is an area particularly affected by the effects of climate change, which makes it a hotspot, and it is also an area where there is particular competition for land use, where subtropical crops coexist with traditional crops including vines, olives, and almond trees, and where there is growing demand for urban development and tourism. It is one of the most sensitive to the effects of climate change because of the markedly contrasting extreme events, including heat waves, torrential rains and drought. In this study we analysed changes in land use, torrential events and the effect of rainfall on vegetation cover and soils in two basins, the main objective being to analyse the evolution of land use and water erosion in recent decades.
The two basins are similar but have different configurations and contrasting uses. One has steep slopes and is characterized by more typical Mediterranean crops, such as vineyards, while the other has been subject to clearing that has modified the steep slopes, and where there has been a change to more competitive crops, including subtropical crops. The results highlight the continuous increase of irrigated crops and urban areas and a gradual disappearance of rainfed crops, the occurrence between torrential events and the correlation between monthly rainfalls and vegetation cover.
Keywords: Mediterranean basins; land use; rainfalls; vegetation cover.
The “Photosynthesis-Growth-Stress Memory” Relationship In Plants Under Conditions of Moisture Fluctuation and Recurrent Drought: Management Options
Anastasia Ştefîrţă, Ion Bulhac, Lilia Brînză, Leonid Voloșciuc, Eduard Coropceanu, Maria Cocu
ABSTRACT. The effect of co-activation of the stress-memory formation potential under repeated drought of Glycine max (Merr.) L. plants was recorded using cytokinin (CK), thiourea (TH) and, especially, complex preparation Polyel. Glycine max plants (Merr.) L. of Moldovitsa, Nadejda and Magia varieties, exposed to two cycles of “drought–rehydration” at the “first trifoliate leaf” and “flowering – pods formation” phases served as test subjects. The tolerance-inducing effect manifests itself by maintaining the content of assimilatory pigments, photosynthesis and growth processes at a significantly higher level. After the restoration of the optimal moisture background, plants pre-treated with CK, TH and the preparation Polyel, which endured moderate stress in the initial stages of ontogenesis, had restored functional processes. The information obtained in this work certainly opens the management perspective of the ability to form stress memory, adaptation and tolerance of plants to the unfavourable fluctuation of humidity and recurrent drought. The management possibilities of plant adaptation and tolerance are discussed.
Keywords: plants; adaptation; resistance; growth; photosynthesis; transpiration; productivity; cytokinin compounds; antioxidant preparation.
Ornamental Vegetable Garden Design Possibilities Using Modular Raised Beds
Ana-Maria-Roxana Hangan, Mirela Cojocariu, Doina-Mira Dascălu, Elena-Liliana Chelariu, Vasile Stoleru
ABSTRACT. Ornamental vegetable gardens have many benefits. They are aesthetic, educational, ecological, economical, sanitary, and are a source of fresh food. Small allotments in urban and peri-urban areas do not allow the implementation of utilitarian gardens. Thus, ornamental vegetable gardens are the best choice. Raised beds can be used to enhance the decorative effect of the entire vegetable garden. This type of construction presents, in turn, several advantages both for the user and crop: reduced effort for maintenance work, early heating of the substrate, loose substrate, reduced volume of weeds, efficient use of space for plants, etc. Establishing ornamental vegetable gardens on raised beds is easily achieved using geometric modules, as they can be adapted to various designs. This paper presents several design options for a decorative vegetable garden on private properties. The case studies presented showed different methods of using modular raised beds depending on the property’s area, the owner’s wishes, and the desired area to be planted. Also, depending on the results obtained from the experimental batch, three other variations of modular layouts with different purposes were proposed: focal point, physically closed but visually open space, and relaxation space.
Keywords: edible landscape; vegetable garden; raised beds; design.
Management of Nitrogen Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Using Greenseeker Technology
Medine Karatas, Emine Karademir
ABSTRACT. This study was performed with GreenSeeker technology in order to determine the possibility of nitrogen stress management in cotton and to determine the differences between the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and nitrogen doses determined with GreenSeeker, to determine the nitrogen deficiency and stress conditions by making use of the value of the NDVI in cotton production and to intervene when necessary and direct the producers in this regard. In the study six nitrogen doses (Control, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1) were used. The results showed significant differences between N applications for leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), NDVI-2 (in the boll formation period), number of bolls (NB), seed cotton (SCY) and fiber yield (FY). On the other hand, there were non-significant differences in terms of (LA) area, NDVI-1 (in the beginning of the flowering), plant height (PH), node number of first fruiting branches (NNFFB), number of monopodial branches (NMB) and number of sympodial branches (NSB), number of nodes (NN), height to node ratio (HNR), seed cotton boll weight (SCBW) and ginning percentage (GP). The highest SCY and FY obtained were from doses of 180 and 120 kg ha-1 N, the highest leaf chlorophyll content and number of bolls obtained were from doses of 120 kg ha-1 N. The highest values of NDVI-2 obtained were from doses of 120, 240 and 300 kg ha-1 N, respectively. There were non-significant differences between N doses for values of the NDVI-1 of flowering, but significant differences observed for values of NDVI-2 of boll formation periods. The findings obtained from this research indicated that leaf chlorophyll and NDVI of the boll formation period can be used for determining differences due to varying N doses in cotton production.
Keywords: cotton; nitrogen doses; NDVI; yield; fiber quality.
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala Leafy Biomass and NPK Fertiliser on The Growth and Yield of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Adams Latif Mohammed, Kaddiri Nanbaala Kumodu Nasim, Ali Moro
ABSTRACT. Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, is a multipurpose vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its immature seed pods and leaves. The crop seldom reaches its yield potential in most of these areas, primarily due to a decline in soil fertility. As a result, a field experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Demonstration Farm, KNUST-Kumasi to assess the effect of NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser and Leucaena leucocephala leafy biomass application on the growth and yield of okra. The treatment combinations were laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial randomised complete block design with 9 treatments replicated 4 times for a total of 36 experimental units. Leucaena leafy biomass and NPK were evaluated solely and in combinations at a rate of 75 kgN/ha on a weight basis. The treatment combinations were applied as follows: T1 = Control; T2 = 0.14 kg NPK (15:15:15); T3 = 0.07 kg NPK (15:15:15); T4 = 0.5 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass; T5 = 0.25 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass; T6 = T2 + T4; T7 = T3 + T5; T8 = T2 + T5; T9 = T3 + T4. The number of days from planting to the first anthesis of okra differed significantly (p ˂ 0.05). T3 showed the least number of days to the first anthesis observation (47 days), while T9 had the highest number of days to the first anthesis (49.3 days). On a weekly basis (starting with 5 weeks after planting, WAP), height was not significantly different among the various treatments. Stem diameter followed a sequence similar to plant height, starting from 5 to 10 WAP, where no significant differences occurred between treatment means. However, mean values revealed that okra plants varied significantly in height; T9 had the tallest plants (27.2 cm), while T2 and T8 had the shortest plants (21.2 and 21.2 cm, respectively). There was a significant difference between the treatment means and stem diameter. In the same advanced line, T9 had the highest stem diameter (9.9 mm), with T5 having the lowest stem diameter (6.9 mm). Fruit yield was also significantly different, with T4 having the most fruit (39,259 fruits per ha) and T8 having the least (19,259 fruits per ha). The fruit dry weight was significantly different, as the highest weight was recorded in T7 (12.5 tonnes/ha) and the lowest was recorded in T9 (5.3 tonnes/ha). The combination treatment T9 [0.07 kg NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser + 0.5 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass per plot] had a significantly improved height and diameter compared to the other treatments. The highest fruit yield of okra was recorded in T4 (0.5 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass per plot), and the highest dry weight of okra was registered in T7 (0.07 kg NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser + 0.25 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass per plot). Therefore, it is recommended that sole L. leucocephala leafy biomass (T4) and its combination with NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser (T9) be adopted by smallholder farmers to cultivate okra in the tropics.
Keywords: effect; organic fertiliser; inorganic fertiliser; okra production.
The Production of Low-Alcohol Wines by Sequential Semi-Anaerobic Must Fermentation
Vasile Răzvan Filimon, Roxana Mihaela Filimon, Ancuța Nechita, Florin Dumitru Bora, Liliana Rotaru, Valeriu V. Cotea
ABSTRACT. Nowadays, consumers go towards products that provide food security and nutritional richness, consumption of highly alcoholic beverages not complying with these health-related requirements. This study aimed to obtain low-alcohol wines by performing sequential alcoholic fermentation of grape must (Muscat Ottonel). Thus, 11 commercial yeast strains (10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 1 Torulaspora delbrueckii) were preliminarily tested in anaerobic and semi-anaerobic conditions. Based on laboratory tests, grape must fermentation was sequentially initiated in semi-anaerobic conditions (loose cotton plugs; intermittent homogenization), with the T. delbrueckii strain (106 CFU/mL) and the addition of preliminarily selected S. cerevisiae strains (104 CFU/mL), to the consumption of 50% of the sugars in the must, to complete the fermentation. By applying this technology, dry wines were obtained with an alcohol content lower by up to 1.10% vol., but with a lower concentration of volatile terpenes, due to additional must oxidation. Also, semi-anaerobiosis enhanced glycerol synthesis by yeasts (< 35%), with a positive impact on the sensory characteristics of the wine. Keywords: alcoholic fermentation; glycerol; low-alcohol wine; non-Saccharomyces yeast; Torulaspora delbrueckii.
* Abstract published in Conference Programme dedicated to LIFE SCIENCES TODAY FOR TOMORROW
Latest Articles
Nitrogen Feeding of Winter Peas at the Spring Vegetation Recovery Stage
Svetlana Burykina, Leonid Serhieiev, Inna Kohut, Victor Sharii
ABSTRACT. In a field experiment from 2020–2023 on the southern chernozems of the Odessa region of Ukraine, we studied the effect of the doses and timing of mineral nitrogen application when growing winter peas on the tuberization process and crop productivity. Mineral nitrogen in doses of 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha in the form of ammonium nitrate was applied in different development phases of winter peas under seedbed cultivation: foliar top dressing with urea solutions during the resumption of spring vegetation, the budding phase and the beginning of grain filling. Winter pea of the Enduro variety was sown annually on October 20, with a row spacing of 15 cm and a rate of 1.2 million germinating seeds per hectare. The previous crop was winter wheat. The conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine for winter sown peas were shown for the first time. The introduction of mineral nitrogen at a rate of 30–60 kg/ha into the soil during sowing inhibited the formation of nodules from the active spring growth phase. The mass of nodules on the roots of pea plants decreased by 30–50% compared to the control variant without nitrogen application. The same norms of mineral nitrogen introduced in early spring during the resumption of vegetation on the leaf in the form of aqueous solutions did not have a negative impact on tuberization. The correlation coefficient between the dose of mineral nitrogen and the number and weight of nodules did not exceed 0.37, indicating a weak relationship between these indicators. The share of influence of mineral nitrogen norms did not exceed 13.7%. With this method of application, the nitrogen content in the vegetative mass of winter peas exceeded the control variant by 18–27%.
Keywords: calcic chernozem doses; mineral nitrogen; nodules; peas; terms; winter sowing.
The Effectiveness of Composting Using Stabilizing Urban Sewage Sludge Compounds
Liza Ogawa, Leopoldo Sussumu Matsumoto, Roberta Dos Santos Toledo, Jonatas Campos de Almeida, Victor Bittencourt Dutra Tabacow, Fernanda Maria de Oliveira Dias, Diego Resende Rodrigues, Thaís Monica Cabral, Roberta Lemos Freire, Italmar Teodorico Navarro
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this investigation was to verify the effectiveness of composting in the sanitization of sludge from urban sewage (SS). The treatments (T) used consisted of SS mixed with sugarcane bagasse (SB), tree pruning residues (TP), poultry litter (PL) or grass clipping (GC) at a carbon/nitrogen ratio of approximately 30/1 and ratios of T1 (SS+SB), T2 (SS+SB+TP), T3 (SS+SB+GC), T4 (SS+SB+PL) or T5 (SS+SB+TP+GC). Temperature was measured daily for over 280 days of composting. Every two weeks, the compounds were analyzed for thermotolerant coliforms and viable helminth eggs using the multiple-tube and Yanko techniques; and once each month to identify Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts using the sucrose and zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and nested PCR followed by sequencing. The maximum temperatures measured in the thermophilic phase of the compounds ranged from 55°C to 64.8°C, and at day 280, weight reductions of 27% (T1), 48% (T2), 63% (T3), 66% (T4) and 64% (T5) were observed. The absence of fecal coliforms was observed from day 98 (T4), day 126 (T1), day 196 (T3 and T5) and day 210 (T2). All treatments resulted in helminth egg inviability and the absence of protozoan (oo)cysts. Only T4 and T5 were positive for G. duodenalis according to the sequencing analysis. In conclusion, high temperatures during the composting thermophilic phase made the use of pathogens required by legislation unfeasible; therefore, it is important to investigate the viability of protozoa in compounds to ensure a safe final product for human and animal health.
Keywords: biosolids; coliforms; temperature; thermotolerant viable helminth eggs.
Cover story
Ornamental vegetable gardens are aesthetic, educational, ecological, economical, sanitary and a source of fresh food. Small allotments in urban and peri-urban areas do not allow the implementation of utilitarian gardens.
Thus, ornamental vegetable gardens are the best choice. Raised beds can be used to enhance the decorative effect of the entire vegetable garden (see page 1).
Peculiarities of the Masticatory Apparatus of Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Constantin Spataru, Mihaela-Claudia Spataru
ABSTRACT. Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are rodents that feed on grassy plants, buds and sprouts, with cheek teeth having specialised abrasive surfaces for plant grinding. In analysing the prehension and trituration ways of guinea pigs, many differences concerning mandible conformation, the positioning of cheek teeth and the morphology of the masticatory muscles compared to other rodents were found. Masticatory muscles of guinea pigs are predominant compared to the mimetic muscles which are reduced. Compared to other rodents, in guinea pigs, inside the tendon thickness of the superficial part of the masseter muscle there are two rounded cartilaginous structures such as sesamoids. The dorsal one is larger, measuring about 3–4 mm in diameter having the role of reducing pressure on the tendon when it passes over the mandible ridge. The other is ventrally placed, about 2–3 mm in size and protects the tendon of the superficial part of the masseter muscle when it passes over the ventral tubercle of the mandible.
Keywords: guinea pig; mandible; masseter; masticator muscles; skull.
Morphoclinical and Paraclinical Features of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Vasile Boghian
ABSTRACT. The study aims to identify the morphoclinical and paraclinical elements useful in the diagnosis of FIP, given that the symptoms are sometimes uncharacteristic, varied and often similar to those of other diseases. The morphoclinical features of 32 patients diagnosed with FIP were evaluated. In 26 patients (81.25%), the predominant symptomatology was similar: intermittent fever, loss of appetite, weakness, dyspnoea and physical signs of peritoneal fluid collection. The peritoneal puncture fluid was inflammatory, with numerous large phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), lymphocytes and, in some cases, red blood cells. The cell blood count (CBC) showed the existence of normocytic, hypochromic and hypoplastic anaemia and the presence of an active systemic inflammatory process, confirmed by the presence of aggregated platelets and segmented and vacuolated neutrophils in the stained smear May Grunwald Giemsa (MGG). Biochemical blood examination revealed the evolution of a physiopathological syndrome of hepatocytolysis, increased tissue catabolism and haemolytic anaemia. These results confirm that FIP is usually a systemic disease with polymorphic clinical signs, and biochemical blood tests, unlike CBC, have more prognostic value and lower value for suspecting the disease. However, sometimes, lesions and associated clinical signs in a single organ predominate. Thus, in three patients (9.37%), the predominant symptomatology was hepato-digestive with hepatocellular jaundice; one patient had obvious clinical signs of renal failure, one had signs of cortical syndrome, and one patient showed periosteal lesions (granulomatous osteitis). These results indicate that some less common lesions in cats, such as osteitis granulomatous, should be included in the list of FIP lesions.
Keywords: peritoneal effusion; osteitis granulomatous; cat.
Retained Surgical Sponge in a Dog: Clinical Aspects and Surgical Approach
Liviu Cătălin Burtan, Alexandra Ciubotariu
ABSTRACT. Although retained surgical sponges are rarely reported, their clinical aspect can sometimes vary and therefore, the diagnosis can be challenging. An eight-year-old mixed breed dog was brought in for a skin lesion on the lateral abdominal wall that appeared nine weeks previously, which could not be treated even though both local and general therapy had been carried out. During antibiotic administration, the dog’s condition improved, but once the treatment was completed, the wound and secretions started to reappear. Diagnosis of a retained surgical gauze was based on history, clinical signs, radiological examination and confirmed by surgical exploration. This article aims to describe the clinical and surgical findings of this pathology, which appeared four years after the surgical procedure, in order to disseminate knowledge about the complications that may occur if negligence, disorganisation or lack of emergency protocols exists.
Keywords: dog; fistula; sponge; gauze; wound.
Transfer Of Heavy Metals in Soil In-Plum Cultivation: a Field Study in Adamachi Iasi, Romania
Mariana Rusu, Irina Gabriela Cara, Manuela Filip, Anca-Elena Calistru, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
ABSTRACT. Currently, global environmental concerns about heavy metal pollution are driven by rapid urbanization and industrial development. Therefore, a field study was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Co, Zn, Ni and Cu) in orchard soils and its transfer to two plum varieties (Stanley and Anna Späth) at Adamachi Farm – Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS). In addition, heavy metal transfer (MTF), daily metals intake (DIM) and the index of health risk (HRI) were evaluated. The concentration of Pb, Co, Zn, Ni and Cu in soil and plum leaves samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry after acid digestion with a mixture of HNO3 (65%), HCl (37%) and HClO4 (60%). Metal concentration patterns occurred as follows 130.65>76.6>30.36> 21.69>13.26 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Co in soil samples and 20.16>10.00> 2.10>1.68 mg/kg for Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in plum leaves, while Co residue was not detected. The maximum heavy metal concentrations were found at the soil surface (0 – 30 cm depth) due to soil organo-mineral content and antifungal treatments. The health risk index predicted (HRI) for adults as well as children was in the sequence Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn, suggesting no health risk with values that did not exceed the safe limit (1). Therefore, it is essential to manage the causes and sources of heavy metal transfer prudently and effectively in order to prevent environmental contamination.
Keywords: concentrations; heavy metals; leaves; plum orchard; soil.
The Influence of Minimal NPK Fertilisation on the Quantity and Quality of Apple Yields
Diana Elena Bolohan, Mariana Volf, Lucian Răus
ABSTRACT. During an annual cycle, fruit trees go through developmental stages, characterised by a higher demand for some mineral elements, called critical periods, which coincide with the phenophases of bud opening and shoot initiation. Research on mineral nutrition in fruit growing has highlighted that the maximum consumption of nutrients is during the period of shoot growth, fruit development and differentiation of fruit buds. In apple, flowering is influenced more by the time of fertiliser application and the form of nitrogen than by the amount applied, as apple has high requirements for the element phosphorus in the phenophases of intense shoot growth and wood maturation. Fertilisation with NPK increased apple yield for both fertilisation treatments compared to the unfertilised control treatments. After applying 270 kg·ha⁻¹ NPK in the first year of the experiment, very significant production increases were obtained, 4.46t·ha⁻¹, with a content of 16% dry matter, 13.13°Brix soluble matter and a titratable acidity of 0.465 mg malic acid/100 g.
Keywords: dry weight; soil fertilisation; soluble substance; titratable acidity.
Current Aspects of Environmental Regulations and Interventions in Europe – Research Focus on Human Health
Carmen-Mariana Diaconu, Alexandru Trifu, Gabriel-Ionuț Plavan, Alin Ciobîcă, Sabina Ioana Cojocaru
ABSTRACT. The article focuses on a synthetic presentation of environmental legislation and policies at national and European level, based on the analysis of government strategies that aim to improve living standards through education starting from an early level, through the implementation of waste management resulting from industrial and domestic activities, through the modernization of the rural environment as a result of the financing of water supply, access programme to alternative energy and specifically gas.
Keywords: environmental regulations/ interventions; human health; pollution.
Effect of Grape Skin Powder Addition on Chemical, Nutritional and Technological Properties of Cheese
Roxana Nicoleta Rațu, Marius Giorgi Usturoi, Răzvan Mihail Radu-Rusu, Ionuț Dumitru Veleșcu, Florin Daniel Lipșa, Vlad Nicolae Arsenoaia, Alina Narcisa Postolache, Ioana Cristina Crivei, Petru Marian Cârlescu
ABSTRACT. Large amounts of chemicals with useful properties can be found in by-products of the processing of grapes. Consumer interest in functional foods has increased recently, with dairy products dominating this market. Constituents from grape-based by-products that are naturally occurring in grapes have the potential to enhance the functional qualities of dairy products and lessen environmental damage. As a result, the goal of this research is to provide crucial information on the use of grape skin powder as a helpful ingredient in the manufacture of cheese. In this study, grape skin powder (GSP) was added to cheese to increase its bioactive compounds content and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content (TPC) was significantly greater in the enriched cheese (5.483±0.443 mg C3G/100 g DW). Adding 2% grape skin powder to the cheese formulation gave an increase of 0.295 mg CE/g DW of TFC and 2.046 mg GAE/g DW of TPC. The GSP-supplemented cheese also showed greater antioxidant activity than the control. This study demonstrates that grape by-products can effectively transfer beneficial compounds to cheese.
Keywords: food; functional; grapes by-products; quality.
Cover Story
The western Mediterranean is an area particularly affected by the effects of climate change, which makes it a hotspot, and it is also an area where there is particular competition for land use, where subtropical crops coexist with traditional crops including vines, olives, and almond trees, and where there is growing demand for urban development and tourism (see page 473).
The Seedling Growth Response of Pisum Sativum L. to Different Types of Compost
Bina Jamsher, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Muhammad Shafiq, Mohammad Athar
ABSTRACT. The constant increase in the high number of population, anthropogenic and industrial activities are alarming issues and raise food security issues around the world. The treatment of compost acts as an effective and environmentally friendly tool for an increase in vegetable production. This research article records the effects of three soil compost treatments (1) dry leaves (Ficus bengalensis L.), (2) solid waste (mustard oil cake) and (3) chicken manure, alone and in combination, with seedling growth performances of pea in pot culture experiments with five replications. The results showed that soil compost treatments showed a significant (p < 0.05) impact on the physicochemical features of soil and the physiological characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Soil compost analysis revealed a difference in soil porosity and pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total organic carbon, CaCO3, Na+, K+, phosphorous and nitrogen. Plant tissue analysis of pea seedlings also showed different levels of sodium, potassium and phosphorous values. The findings of the present research work concludes that the treatment of F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment produced maximum growth performance, and the mustard oil cake solid waste (25%) + garden loam (75%) treatment showed the lowest seedling growth performance. The F. bengalensis dry leaves (25%) + garden loam (75%), soil compost application treatment showed the maximum seedling height of pea. The solid waste (SW) mixed with garden loam (GL) (SW 25% + GL 75%) and mustard oil cake solid waste alone treatment showed the lowest seedling growth of pea. The F. bengalensis dry leaves 25% + garden loam 75% compost treatment also influenced on the soil properties.
Keywords: Compost; Ficus benglensis; garden loam; organic matter; pea.
Germination and Early Growth Performance of Prekese, Tetrapleura Tetraptera to Seed Pretreatment Methods and Phosphorus Fertilizer in the Nursery Phase
Adams Latif Mohammed, Frank Addai, Joseph Cobbinah, Elvis Bawa
ABSTRACT. Seeds of Tetrapleura tetraptera trees have poor germination due to their hard and impervious seed coat. This research was conducted to determine the possibilities of reducing seed dormancy using seed pretreatment via the application of sulphuric acid and hot water and then phosphorus for better seedling growth. Seeds pretreated with sulphuric acid had a significantly (P˂0.05) increased germination rate (by 60%) compared to seeds pretreated with hot water (40%). The application of phosphorus fertilizer stimulated the early growth of the species. This research provides information for practical use.
Keywords: germination; hot water; phosphorus fertilizer; sulphuric acid; Tetrapleura tetraptera.
Growth Analysis of Cineraria maritima Plants in Green Façade Systems: Northeastern Romania Climate Study
Mirela Cojocariu, Elena Liliana Chelariu, Ciprian Chiruţă
ABSTRACT. Green façades are gradually gaining popularity and may become a modern architectural solution for higher microclimate quality and better urban comfort in densely populated urban areas. This study aimed to monitor the behaviour of Cineraria maritima planted in green façade systems oriented towards four cardinal points in the specific climatic conditions of northeastern Romania in order to test its adaptability and growth in this system. Comparisons were made of its behaviour between the façades of the experimental structure, and between the façades of the experimental structure and the traditional ‘planted in soil’ variant (control variant). Cineraria maritima exhibited good adaptability to vertical cultivation, maintaining its aesthetic properties throughout the growing season. All specimens that overwintered on the façades successfully survived the cold season of 2021–2022 without requiring any cutting or protection measures.
Keywords: Cineraria maritima; urban design; green façades; vertical decor.
Indicators of Pre-Slaughter Stress in Pigs and Their Impact on Meat Quality
Vlad Nicolae Arsenoaia, Răzvan Nicolae Mălăncuș
ABSTRACT. The pre-slaughter handling and transport of pigs can cause stress and negatively affect the quality of meat. This article aims to investigate the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality. The literature suggests that pre-slaughter stress has a significant impact on meat quality, resulting in lower meat pH, increased drip loss, and decreased meat tenderness. When the body experiences stress, cortisol triggers the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream, which provides energy for the body to respond to the stressful situation. Both serum cortisol and blood glucose levels increased post-slaughter, with a post-slaughter mean value of 7.28 µg/dl for serum cortisol (compared to the initial mean value of 6.08 µg/dl), while the blood glucose values revealed a highly catabolic state, with mean post-slaughter values of 143.24 mg/dl compared to 129.11 mg/dl mean pre-slaughter results. The study highlights a direct relationship between increased serum cortisol levels and blood glucose values when comparing the pre- and post-slaughter values with the normal reference ranges, with a highly significant correlation between the mentioned parameters (p<0.01). The article also explores potential pre-slaughter indicators such as cortisol and blood glucose levels for predicting stress and meat quality in pigs. Improving pre-slaughter handling and reducing stress can lead to improved meat quality and economic benefits for the pork industry. In terms of pH24, a trust coefficient of 5.46–5.50 revealed the impact of pre-slaughter stress on meat pH, resulting in possible inferior meat in terms of quality. The study results showed a highly significant correlation between the cortisol and blood glucose values recorded post-slaughter and pH24 (p<0.05), emphasizing the impact of stress on meat quality and suggesting that both serum cortisol and blood glucose values can be used as specific indicators of meat pH and ultimately meat quality. Keywords: blood glucose; carcass evaluation; cortisol; pork; post-slaughter processing; stress.
The Phytoremediation Potential of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Grown in Soils Historically Polluted With Heavy Metals: A Case Study from Baia Mare, Romania
Roxana Vidican, Tania Mihăiescu, Anca Pleșa, Anamaria Mălinaș, Bianca Pop
ABSTRACT. The aim of this research is to evaluate the ability of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (LA) to accumulate and translocate heavy metals (HMs) from disturbed soils. The study was conducted on a site historically polluted with HMs, located in Baia Mare, Romania. Soil samples and underground (root) and aboveground parts of plants (leaves and stems) were collected from the study site and analysed for HM content (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) by XRF spectroscopy. The potential for phytoremediation of lavender was evaluated according to the bioconcentration (BCF) and the translocation (TF) factors. The results showed that LA efficiently accumulated Cd and Zn. A different partitioning of HM among plant tissues was observed, showing the highest content in the aboveground mass compared to that found in the root (except for Zn). The TF ranged between 0.62 and 3.59, with values higher than unity for Cd and Pb, revealing that this plant is a suitable candidate for phytoextraction of these two trace elements. According to the BCF values, it seems that lavender is able to bioaccumulate high amounts of Cd (6.66), Pb (1.09), and Zn (2.87). Although more research is necessary for conclusive results, our findings confirm the ability of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. to tolerate, accumulate, and translocate high levels of HMs from soil to the aerial parts of the plant.
Keywords: phytoremediation; lavender; heavy metals; bioconcentration and translocation factors.
Land Use Changes and Effects of Rainfall on Vegetation Cover in Two Mediterranean Basins (Málaga, Spain)
Ana Triano-Cornejo, M. Eugenia Perez-Gonzalez, Tomás M. Fernández-Del Castillo, José D. Ruiz-Sinoga
ABSTRACT. The western Mediterranean is an area particularly affected by the effects of climate change, which makes it a hotspot, and it is also an area where there is particular competition for land use, where subtropical crops coexist with traditional crops including vines, olives, and almond trees, and where there is growing demand for urban development and tourism. It is one of the most sensitive to the effects of climate change because of the markedly contrasting extreme events, including heat waves, torrential rains and drought. In this study we analysed changes in land use, torrential events and the effect of rainfall on vegetation cover and soils in two basins, the main objective being to analyse the evolution of land use and water erosion in recent decades.
The two basins are similar but have different configurations and contrasting uses. One has steep slopes and is characterized by more typical Mediterranean crops, such as vineyards, while the other has been subject to clearing that has modified the steep slopes, and where there has been a change to more competitive crops, including subtropical crops. The results highlight the continuous increase of irrigated crops and urban areas and a gradual disappearance of rainfed crops, the occurrence between torrential events and the correlation between monthly rainfalls and vegetation cover.
Keywords: Mediterranean basins; land use; rainfalls; vegetation cover.
The “Photosynthesis-Growth-Stress Memory” Relationship In Plants Under Conditions of Moisture Fluctuation and Recurrent Drought: Management Options
Anastasia Ştefîrţă, Ion Bulhac, Lilia Brînză, Leonid Voloșciuc, Eduard Coropceanu, Maria Cocu
ABSTRACT. The effect of co-activation of the stress-memory formation potential under repeated drought of Glycine max (Merr.) L. plants was recorded using cytokinin (CK), thiourea (TH) and, especially, complex preparation Polyel. Glycine max plants (Merr.) L. of Moldovitsa, Nadejda and Magia varieties, exposed to two cycles of “drought–rehydration” at the “first trifoliate leaf” and “flowering – pods formation” phases served as test subjects. The tolerance-inducing effect manifests itself by maintaining the content of assimilatory pigments, photosynthesis and growth processes at a significantly higher level. After the restoration of the optimal moisture background, plants pre-treated with CK, TH and the preparation Polyel, which endured moderate stress in the initial stages of ontogenesis, had restored functional processes. The information obtained in this work certainly opens the management perspective of the ability to form stress memory, adaptation and tolerance of plants to the unfavourable fluctuation of humidity and recurrent drought. The management possibilities of plant adaptation and tolerance are discussed.
Keywords: plants; adaptation; resistance; growth; photosynthesis; transpiration; productivity; cytokinin compounds; antioxidant preparation.
Ornamental Vegetable Garden Design Possibilities Using Modular Raised Beds
Ana-Maria-Roxana Hangan, Mirela Cojocariu, Doina-Mira Dascălu, Elena-Liliana Chelariu, Vasile Stoleru
ABSTRACT. Ornamental vegetable gardens have many benefits. They are aesthetic, educational, ecological, economical, sanitary, and are a source of fresh food. Small allotments in urban and peri-urban areas do not allow the implementation of utilitarian gardens. Thus, ornamental vegetable gardens are the best choice. Raised beds can be used to enhance the decorative effect of the entire vegetable garden. This type of construction presents, in turn, several advantages both for the user and crop: reduced effort for maintenance work, early heating of the substrate, loose substrate, reduced volume of weeds, efficient use of space for plants, etc. Establishing ornamental vegetable gardens on raised beds is easily achieved using geometric modules, as they can be adapted to various designs. This paper presents several design options for a decorative vegetable garden on private properties. The case studies presented showed different methods of using modular raised beds depending on the property’s area, the owner’s wishes, and the desired area to be planted. Also, depending on the results obtained from the experimental batch, three other variations of modular layouts with different purposes were proposed: focal point, physically closed but visually open space, and relaxation space.
Keywords: edible landscape; vegetable garden; raised beds; design.
Management of Nitrogen Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Using Greenseeker Technology
Medine Karatas, Emine Karademir
ABSTRACT. This study was performed with GreenSeeker technology in order to determine the possibility of nitrogen stress management in cotton and to determine the differences between the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and nitrogen doses determined with GreenSeeker, to determine the nitrogen deficiency and stress conditions by making use of the value of the NDVI in cotton production and to intervene when necessary and direct the producers in this regard. In the study six nitrogen doses (Control, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha-1) were used. The results showed significant differences between N applications for leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD), NDVI-2 (in the boll formation period), number of bolls (NB), seed cotton (SCY) and fiber yield (FY). On the other hand, there were non-significant differences in terms of (LA) area, NDVI-1 (in the beginning of the flowering), plant height (PH), node number of first fruiting branches (NNFFB), number of monopodial branches (NMB) and number of sympodial branches (NSB), number of nodes (NN), height to node ratio (HNR), seed cotton boll weight (SCBW) and ginning percentage (GP). The highest SCY and FY obtained were from doses of 180 and 120 kg ha-1 N, the highest leaf chlorophyll content and number of bolls obtained were from doses of 120 kg ha-1 N. The highest values of NDVI-2 obtained were from doses of 120, 240 and 300 kg ha-1 N, respectively. There were non-significant differences between N doses for values of the NDVI-1 of flowering, but significant differences observed for values of NDVI-2 of boll formation periods. The findings obtained from this research indicated that leaf chlorophyll and NDVI of the boll formation period can be used for determining differences due to varying N doses in cotton production.
Keywords: cotton; nitrogen doses; NDVI; yield; fiber quality.
Effect of Leucaena leucocephala Leafy Biomass and NPK Fertiliser on The Growth and Yield of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Adams Latif Mohammed, Kaddiri Nanbaala Kumodu Nasim, Ali Moro
ABSTRACT. Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, is a multipurpose vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its immature seed pods and leaves. The crop seldom reaches its yield potential in most of these areas, primarily due to a decline in soil fertility. As a result, a field experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Demonstration Farm, KNUST-Kumasi to assess the effect of NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser and Leucaena leucocephala leafy biomass application on the growth and yield of okra. The treatment combinations were laid out in a 3 × 3 factorial randomised complete block design with 9 treatments replicated 4 times for a total of 36 experimental units. Leucaena leafy biomass and NPK were evaluated solely and in combinations at a rate of 75 kgN/ha on a weight basis. The treatment combinations were applied as follows: T1 = Control; T2 = 0.14 kg NPK (15:15:15); T3 = 0.07 kg NPK (15:15:15); T4 = 0.5 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass; T5 = 0.25 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass; T6 = T2 + T4; T7 = T3 + T5; T8 = T2 + T5; T9 = T3 + T4. The number of days from planting to the first anthesis of okra differed significantly (p ˂ 0.05). T3 showed the least number of days to the first anthesis observation (47 days), while T9 had the highest number of days to the first anthesis (49.3 days). On a weekly basis (starting with 5 weeks after planting, WAP), height was not significantly different among the various treatments. Stem diameter followed a sequence similar to plant height, starting from 5 to 10 WAP, where no significant differences occurred between treatment means. However, mean values revealed that okra plants varied significantly in height; T9 had the tallest plants (27.2 cm), while T2 and T8 had the shortest plants (21.2 and 21.2 cm, respectively). There was a significant difference between the treatment means and stem diameter. In the same advanced line, T9 had the highest stem diameter (9.9 mm), with T5 having the lowest stem diameter (6.9 mm). Fruit yield was also significantly different, with T4 having the most fruit (39,259 fruits per ha) and T8 having the least (19,259 fruits per ha). The fruit dry weight was significantly different, as the highest weight was recorded in T7 (12.5 tonnes/ha) and the lowest was recorded in T9 (5.3 tonnes/ha). The combination treatment T9 [0.07 kg NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser + 0.5 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass per plot] had a significantly improved height and diameter compared to the other treatments. The highest fruit yield of okra was recorded in T4 (0.5 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass per plot), and the highest dry weight of okra was registered in T7 (0.07 kg NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser + 0.25 kg L. leucocephala leafy biomass per plot). Therefore, it is recommended that sole L. leucocephala leafy biomass (T4) and its combination with NPK (15:15:15) fertiliser (T9) be adopted by smallholder farmers to cultivate okra in the tropics.
Keywords: effect; organic fertiliser; inorganic fertiliser; okra production.
The Production of Low-Alcohol Wines by Sequential Semi-Anaerobic Must Fermentation
Vasile Răzvan Filimon, Roxana Mihaela Filimon, Ancuța Nechita, Florin Dumitru Bora, Liliana Rotaru, Valeriu V. Cotea
ABSTRACT. Nowadays, consumers go towards products that provide food security and nutritional richness, consumption of highly alcoholic beverages not complying with these health-related requirements. This study aimed to obtain low-alcohol wines by performing sequential alcoholic fermentation of grape must (Muscat Ottonel). Thus, 11 commercial yeast strains (10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 1 Torulaspora delbrueckii) were preliminarily tested in anaerobic and semi-anaerobic conditions. Based on laboratory tests, grape must fermentation was sequentially initiated in semi-anaerobic conditions (loose cotton plugs; intermittent homogenization), with the T. delbrueckii strain (106 CFU/mL) and the addition of preliminarily selected S. cerevisiae strains (104 CFU/mL), to the consumption of 50% of the sugars in the must, to complete the fermentation. By applying this technology, dry wines were obtained with an alcohol content lower by up to 1.10% vol., but with a lower concentration of volatile terpenes, due to additional must oxidation. Also, semi-anaerobiosis enhanced glycerol synthesis by yeasts (< 35%), with a positive impact on the sensory characteristics of the wine. Keywords: alcoholic fermentation; glycerol; low-alcohol wine; non-Saccharomyces yeast; Torulaspora delbrueckii.
* Abstract published in Conference Programme dedicated to LIFE SCIENCES TODAY FOR TOMORROW
