Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment (ALSE) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal published quarterly by Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iasi University of Life Sciences.
ALSE publishes original research in agricultural, horticultural and animal sciences, food sciences, veterinary medicine, and environmental management, addressing applied and interdisciplinary aspects of life sciences.
The journal operates a rigorous peer-review process and does not charge article processing or publication fees.
Latest Articles
Germination of seeds and adaptation of beech seedlings of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin under the influence of bioregulators
Dina Elisovetcaia, Raisa Ivanova, Ecaterina Popovschi, Jan Brindza
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582177
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bioregulators on the germination of beech seeds of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin and adaptation of seedlings under solarium and natural conditions. The highest mean daily germination (0.74) was observed for 0.001 and 0.0001% (w/v, dry residue) Juniperus sabina. During stratification under laboratory conditions, the highest seed germination (82.64%) occurred in 0.0001% J. sabina. The highest seed germination rate index was observed in 0.0001 and 0.0005% J. sabina (1.17 and 1.57, respectively). The average germination time of 0.01% alginite No. 2 and 0.0005% J. sabina was below that of the control by 1.05-1.11 days. The length of the roots of germinated beech seeds with alginite No. 2 and 0.001% J. sabina significantly exceeded that of the control (39.66 mm), reaching 56.04 and 52.05 mm, respectively. Under solarium conditions, the highest rate of seedling emergence was observed in variants alginite No. 6 (92.50%), 0.0005% J. sabina (91.11%), 0.001% J. sabina (90.00%) and alginite nano powder (82.35%), which exceeded the control by 1.6–1.8 times. The height of the plants in alginite No. 2 (13.50 cm), 0.0001% J. sabina (12.24 cm) and 0.001% J. sabina (10.08 cm) significantly exceeded the control. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds treated with alginite nano powder (60.80%) and alginite No. 6 (47.47%) was significantly higher than that of the control (42.67%) and those treated with gibberellic acid (43.73%). The height of the plants treated with alginite nano powder (28.10 cm), 0.01% genistifolioside (29.70 cm) and 0.004% gibberellic acid (28.22 cm) significantly exceeded that of the control.
Keywords: Alginite; genistifolioside; Fagus sylvatica seeds; germination; Juniperus sabina.
Ecological water quality and benthic macroinvertebrates: impact on fish spawning grounds in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire
Iridjé Marcelle Bodji, Mamadou Soro, Lèfoungognon Coulibaly, Konan Gervais N’zi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582176
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the ecological quality of ichthyological spawning grounds in the Lake Buyo partial wildlife reserve, part of Taï National Park. Ichthyological spawning grounds are aquatic habitats used by fish for reproduction. In Côte d’Ivoire, knowledge of these spawning grounds was very fragmentary and mostly based on an inventory and summary description of spawning grounds. Data collection was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019 at 11 ichthyological spawning grounds. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen bucket and handle dip net. Ten grab samples were taken at each site. The dip net was used to sample habitats that were difficult to access with the grab and were very shallow. The Warwick Ecological Stress Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index were used to analyse water quality. A total of 19,940 individuals belonging to 28 families for a biomass of 1,361,549 g were counted. Thiaridae and Chironomidae families were the most abundant, with 63.28% and 22.88%, respectively. The analysis of the abundance–biomass curves showed that the biomass curve was higher than the abundance curve, with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.61. These values indicate stress due to the enrichment of the water with organic matter. The analysis using the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index indicated that organic pollution ranges from poor (6.98) to very poor (7.73). The ecological quality of the lake’s waters has a negative impact on ecological diversity, leading to the disappearance of certain aquatic species through the destruction of spawning grounds.
Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates; ecological water quality; ichthyological spawning grounds; Lake Buyo.
Soil health and business models: a review and analysis carried out in the NOVASOIL project
Javier Bravo-García, Francisco José Blanco-Velazquez, Felix Ángel Gonzalez-Peñaloza, Fernando Alonso-Martin, Kalvi Tamm, Fabian Frick, Greta Winkler, Fabio Bartollini, Ana Iglesias, Mohammed Hussen Alemu, María Anaya-Romero
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582175
ABSTRACT. Soil health is critical for sustainable agriculture, healthy ecosystems, and environmental resilience. Soil degradation caused by unsustainable practices must be addressed through innovative economic and environmental solutions. This review explores how innovative environmental monitoring technologies, such as remote sensing, drones, and soil sensors, and innovative business models that influence soil management contribute significantly to the improvement of soil health. This study first highlights the key indicators of soil health, including soil organic carbon, nutrient levels, erosion rates and their potential use in ecosystem service markets, such as carbon credits, to incentivise improved soil management. Additionally, this study considers the legal and policy frameworks necessary to support these business models, with a particular focus on the European Union’s Soil Monitoring Law and its implications for the agricultural and environmental sectors. Together, these innovative components offer a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities for transforming soil health management into a profitable and sustainable enterprise, contributing to global goals, such as climate mitigation and biodiversity preservation.
Keywords: ecosystem services; soil monitoring law; soil indicators; sustainability.
Effect of pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and the chemical quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans
Mohammed Alhassan, Patrick Kumah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582174
ABSTRACT. Cocoa is a highly valuable economic crop that generates income and foreign exchange for Ghana. However, the rejection of cocoa beans on the international market due mainly to inappropriate fermentation methods and postharvest practices is a major problem confronting this sector. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and chemical attributes of the beans. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial with a completely randomised design and three replicates. Pod size (small, medium and large) and fermentation method (heap, tray and basket fermentation) were each evaluated at three levels. There were changes in temperature using all three fermentation methods, such that temperature increased from an average of 37.8 to 41.7°C in the first 24 h. The heap fermentation method had the highest temperature (41.7°C) after 4 days. The pod size and fermentation method did not influence the fat content, total titratable acidity, or free fatty acids in the sampled beans. Small pods fermented using the heap fermentation method had the highest pH. The study concluded that the heap fermentation method enhances temperature changes without compromising the chemical quality of cocoa beans, making it the preferred technique for high-quality cocoa production.
Keywords: bean quality; fermentation methods; pod sizes.
Contribution of community forest management groups to effective forest conservation. A case study of the Mwamba Community Forest in Kasama, Zambia
Brenda Romazi Chirwa, Ackim Phiri
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582173
ABSTRACT. Forests play vital roles in the survival of people globally. Despite their usefulness, the loss of forests has not slowed. Hence, various approaches have been used to enhance their management. Effective forest management is key to food security and stability of national economies. The quest for efficient and sustainable management of forested areas has led to the surge in research exploring the involvement of local people in forest management. This study aimed to assess the contribution of community forest management groups in effective forest conservation. Several research questions were asked to explore the subject: What are the approaches used to sustainably manage the Mwamba Community Forest and how effective are they? What challenges are faced to achieve sustainable forest management? What strategies are used to overcome the challenges faced in managing forests in a sustainable manner? This study targeted 127 household respondents living around the Mwamba Community Forest, together with key informants. The mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was used. Questionnaires were administered to collect data from respondents. The variable parameters were analysed using Excel and IBM SPSS statistic 26. The effectiveness of the approaches in managing the natural resources in the forest were confirmed by 84% of the respondents, but 11% disagreed, and 5% were indecisive. The study also revealed various forest management activities being practiced, such as woodlot management, beekeeping, and gardening. The study recommends that the government build capacity in the local communities through training, financial empowerment, and incentives.
Keywords: community forestry; contribution; deforestation; forest groups; sustainability.
Effect of water management strategies on two vegetable crops under a Bhungroo irrigation technology in Upper East Region, Ghana
Henry E. Igbadun, Olufunke Cofie, Michael A. Kpakpo-Sraha, Donatus O. Onwuegbunam, Seifu Tilahun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582172
ABSTRACT. Exploring options to access water for irrigation and water management strategies at the field level is pivotal for improving crop yield and water productivity. Farmer-participatory field trials were conducted in Gorogo and Sepaat communities, Upper East Region, Ghana, in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 irrigation seasons to evaluate the yield response of tomato and onion crops to varied levels of deficit irrigation using Bhungroo irrigation technology. The experimental factor was water application depth at four levels: 65, 85, and 100% of crop water requirement (CWR) and farmers’ discretion. Irrigation water productivity (IWP) was computed as a function of the yield and water applied. Seasonal water used in the tomato fields ranged from 232 to 502 mm, while the onion trials varied from 358 to 750 mm. The fresh fruit yield of tomato ranged from 6.0 to 17.5 t ha−1 in the two seasons, while the dry onion bulb yields ranged from 15.2 to 25.4 t ha−1. The IWP ranged from 2.11 to 3.61 kg m−3 for tomato and from 2.05 to 4.51 kg m−3 for onion. The lowest values were obtained from the least water applied, while the highest values were obtained from the highest. The deficit irrigation schedules significantly decreased both yield and IWP compared to 100% CWR in tomato and onion, while the farmers’ discretion led to over-irrigation in both study locations. It is recommended that tomato and onion crops be irrigated to meet the full crop water requirement in the study areas.
Keywords: deficit irrigation; drip irrigation; onion; tomato; water productivity.
Assessing the impact of the no-tillage system on soil physical parameters and water conservation in corn crops
Matei Titianu, Tudor George Aostăcioaei, Gabriel Dumitru Mihu, Serginho Cakpo, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582171
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the impact of two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on soil physical properties and soil water conserva-tion capacity in an experiment conducted on the Big Island of Braila during two agricultural years (2022–2023). The aim was to evaluate the implications of the NT system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the CT system. The designated area, the Big Island of Braila, has specific climatic conditions that make this research of great interest for assessing the possibility of imple-menting NT practice in the future. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year. Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.
Keywords: conventional tillage; no-tillage; soil physical properties.
Cover story
The Cranial Adaptations of the Tiger – The Key to a Lethal Bite
The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles.
These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
The anatomical study was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, part of the University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” in Iași, Romania – Publisher of the Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment.
Bioplastic content in biowaste: a growing problem in composting efficiency and quality
Alessandra Fiorucci, Maria Elena Bini, Alessandra Bonoli
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581170
ABSTRACT. The increase in fossil fuel–based plastic use and its subsequential refuse production and dispersion in the environment cause long-lasting waste that can pile up quickly. Compostable bio-based plastics, polymeric compounds that are functionally similar to fossil fuel–based plastics, seem to be more environmentally sustainable and particularly useful and recommended in food packaging. Even with the lower impacts of bioplastics, there is still a need for effective end-of-life management strategies to promote more efficient treatment of bioplastic waste. For biodegradable bioplastics, this endeavour could involve composting. Bioplastics would be processed like any other organic waste, prompting a closer study of how efficient this process is in degrading them, or if their presence can persist in high-quality compost or even in cultivated food. This paper focuses on organic waste treatment and compost production to assess the efficiency of bioplastic degrada-tion, aiming to explore the bioplastic content in compost in reference with a wide com-posting plants overview. An analysis of waste flow data from selected Italian composting plants highlighted a bioplastic reduction rate near 80%, with a small variance for different kinds of bioplastics, stressing the importance of investing in collection.
Keywords: bioplastic; biowaste; compost; treatment efficiency; waste management.
Factors associated with the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda
Douglas Andabati Candia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581169
ABSTRACT. The majority of households in Uganda rely on traditional cooking fuels the use of which is associated with many dangers. This study sought to identify the factors related to the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda. The study used secondary data from the 2018–19 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS). The analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test and the complementary log-log regression model. Most respondents used unclean cooking fuels (98.96%). The use of clean cooking fuels was more likely among households in the richest wealth index category, those from the Pentecostal/born-again/evangelical or other religions, and households that had electricity. An increase in household members was found to reduce the likelihood of using clean cooking fuels. There is a need for the government to reduce the initial connection fees to the power grid and the tariff per unit of electricity consumed by households in Uganda.
Keywords: complementary log-log regression; cooking fuel; Uganda.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on wheat crop water requirements in Central Afghanistan
Homayoon Raoufi, Jamily Abdul Saleem
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581168
ABSTRACT. Water crises in agricultural production are a serious issue in water-limited ecosystems and farming regions. This study was conducted to estimate crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling under climate change in Central Afghanistan using CROPWAT8.0 software. The climatic variables were acquired from local organisations and the general circulation model (GCM) (1990–2020). The temperature and rainfall patterns were evaluated under three scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) from 2025 to 2100. CROPWAT8.0 was used to assess reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling based on predicted meteorological conditions under different scenarios. The crop water requirements under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 increased by 9.74, 9.99, and 10.28 mm/day, respectively, compared to the baseline at 9.07 mm/day. Moreover, crop irrigation requirements would increase by 92.5 (18.46%), 109.7 (21.88%), and 100.7 mm/dec (20.09%) under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively, compared to the baseline at 62.65 mm/dec. Furthermore, the results showed that wheat needs 3 irrigations in the baseline scenario, while it would need 4 irrigations for future scenarios due to an increase in crop irrigation requirements. The results of this study will be useful for agricultural practices and management.
Keywords: Afghanistan; irrigation scheduling; precipitation; scenarios; temperature.
Influence of paclobutrazol concentrations, soil types and production seasons on physicochemical attributes of Keitt mangoes
Justice Amponsah, Patrick Kumah, Francis Appiah, Irene Akua Idun, Paul Kweku Tandoh
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581167
ABSTRACT. Mango is an important fruit with nutritional and economic benefits. However, the impact of varying paclobutrazol (PBZ) concentrations, soil types, and production seasons on its quality is less known in the literature. This study investigated the effects of varying PBZ concentrations, soil types, and production seasons on the quality of Keitt mangoes, aiming to optimise fruit attributes for both domestic and export markets. Conducted over three years in the Eastern Region of Ghana, this study had a 5×3×3 factorial design, with 5 PBZ concentrations (0, 10, 12.5, 20, and 25 mL), 3 soil types (Agawtaw, Akuse, and Baraku), and 3 production seasons (major, minor, and off-season). PBZ application had a concentration-dependent influence on the physical attributes of Keitt mango fruit, particularly fruit size, density, and firmness. Lower PBZ concentrations (0–12.5 mL) improved fruit size and total soluble solids (TSS) content, while higher concentrations (20–25 mL) reduced these parameters. Soil fertility played a key role, with fertile soils, such as Agawtaw, producing larger, heavier fruit with higher TSS and moisture contents. Seasonal variations also influenced the outcomes, with the major season favouring optimal fruit development due to favourable climatic conditions. Non-treated trees (0 mL PBZ) produced the largest and heaviest fruit, while the 25 mL PBZ treatment increased fruit firmness and extended the shelf life by reducing the total titratable acidity. The study emphasises the need to tailor PBZ applications to soil fertility and seasonal factors to achieve the desired fruit quality. These findings offer valuable insights for mango growers, promoting sustainable practices that enhance yield, quality, and economic viability in Keitt mango production to meet the growing global demand.
Keywords: Agawtaw soil series; Baraku soil series; Keitt mango; paclobutrazol.
Comparative effects of cassava peel compost, Tithonia diversifolia compost and NPK fertiliser on maize performance in Ibadan
Adeyinka Kehinde Adebayo, Sifau Adenike Adejumo, Folake Bosede Anjorin, Samson Oyewole Olanipekun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581166
ABSTRACT. Maize is a widely cultivated crop with significant agricultural and industrial uses. Its production depends on efficient soil fertility management, which is increasingly supported by the use of organic and inorganic amendments. The effectiveness of cassava peel compost (CPC) and Tithonia diversifolia compost (TdC) at 0 (control), 10, and 15 t ha⁻¹, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) based fertiliser at 150 kg N ha⁻¹, was tested on maize in a randomised complete block design (r=3) in the field. Nutrient analysis was conducted following standard procedures. A residual trial was conducted immediately after harvest to assess the lasting impact of compost on maize yield. Data on dry matter (DM, g) and grain yield (GY, t ha⁻¹) were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance at α=0.05. NPK application initially enhanced maize performance more effectively than compost. However, in the second trial, compost application significantly improved maize performance compared to NPK. Maize GY and DM increased from 3.42 t ha⁻¹ and 224.53 g in the first trial to 3.95 t ha⁻¹ and 324.68 g in the second trial with the application of a higher rate (15 t ha⁻¹) of TdC. Soil Nitrogen (0.97% and 0.71%), phosphorus (34.08 mg/kg and 21.93 mg/kg), and potassium (0.69 cmol/kg and 1.09 cmol/kg) content in 15 t ha⁻¹ of TdC and CPC were higher compared to control, which contain 0.20% nitrogen, 17.17 mg/kg phosphorus and 0.31 cmol/kg potassium, respectively. Conclusively, compost alone may not replace synthetic fertilizers, but integrating TdC reduces NPK dependence, lowers environmental risks, and promotes sustainability.
Keywords: cassava peel; compost; poultry manure; Tithonia diversifolia; yield.
Exploring the role of seaweed culture in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere: a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation
Md. Simul Bhuyan, Sayeed Mahmood Belal Haider, Mrityunjoy Kunda, Md. Tarikul Islam, Istiak Ahamed Mojumder, Abid Husain, Enam Chowdhury, Ranjan Roy, Mir Mohammad Ali, Debasish Pandit
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581165
ABSTRACT. To keep the world safe from extreme temperature occurrences, global warming must be kept below 1.5C. Seaweed has emerged as a holistic nature-based solution to solve global warming by reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs). This review evaluated the role of seaweed in reducing GHGs. Seaweed can minimise carbon (C) emissions by absorbing them. Lowering ruminant enteric methane (CH4) emissions and producing bioenergy are two more ways seaweed can contribute to global decarbonisation. Atmospheric trace gases like nitrous oxide (N2O) are a factor in global warming. By 2050, 10 million metric tons (MMt) of nitrogen (N) would be absorbed by a seaweed yield of 500 MMt. All macroalgae release the volatile gas bromoform, which contributes to ozone (O3) depletion in the atmosphere. Bromoform is a component of red seaweed’s chemical composition. Large-scale seaweed cultivation can transform the way GHG emissions are managed while also generating new businesses. Furthermore, eutrophic, hypoxic, and acidic coasts can gain other advantages from seaweed cultivation. Although seaweed offsetting is a vital emerging tool for achieving a more sustainable future, it is not the only answer to the problem of climate change. This study demonstrates that seaweed cultivation and related sectors are viable solutions for lowering GHG emissions, achieving monetary growth, and creating sustainable means of subsistence.
Keywords: culture; global warming; greenhouse gases; minimization; seaweed.
Massive ovarian cyst in a guinea pig: surgical insights
Liviu Cătălin Burtan, Ivona Popovici, Alexandra Ciubotariu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581164
ABSTRACT. Ovarian cystic disease is a common condition in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Surgical intervention is considered the definitive treatment, effectively preventing disease recurrence, progression, and complications. A 5-year-old female guinea pig was referred to our clinic with nonspecific signs of lethargy and gastrointestinal disturbances that had emerged over the previous week. Diagnostic imaging identified a large abdominal mass, consistent with a cyst, extending throughout the right hemiabdomen, warranting immediate surgical intervention. Safe removal of the cyst via an ovariectomy procedure was performed with particular attention to the species-specific anatomical and physiological challenges. Managing the adhesions that had formed with the intestinal mass proved to be a complex step, requiring precise dissection to ensure secure and complete removal. Histopathological analysis of the mass revealed a ciliated cuboidal to columnar epithelium lining the cyst cavity, originating from the rete ovarii, indicative of a serous cystadenoma. This study highlights the importance of early detection and emphasises the role of elective spaying in preventing severe complications. It also provides valuable surgical insights for veterinary practitioners by documenting the largest ovarian cyst reported in a guinea pig. The case presents a detailed approach to managing species-specific challenges, with the aim of improving clinical outcomes for these patients.
Keywords: Cavia porcellus; histopathology; large ovarian cystadenoma; surgery.
Effect of feeding selected farm residues on growth performance, digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf bucks
Joshua Femi Oluwadele, Adeolu Ademiju Aganga, Anthony Henry Ekeocha, Olayinka Miriam Tawose, Adetumbi Tella, Ebenezer Yemi Akinlabi, Dakuna Gode
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581163
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effects of feeding selected farm residues on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. A total of 16 bucks aged 16–18 months and weighing 14.45 ± 0.78 kg were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: control, cacao pod shells (T1); peanut shells (T2), corn cobs (T3), and mixed residues of cacao pod shells, peanut shells, and corn cobs in equal proportions (T4). This study spanned 92 days, during which feed intake, weight gain, digestibility, and nitrogen utilisation were evaluated. The T2 diet significantly enhanced growth performance, with the highest final weight (19.8 ± 0.20 kg), weight gain (5.30 ± 0.15 kg), and average daily gain (57.6 ± 1.2 g/day). The nutrient intake and digestibility were also highest in the T2 group, with a crude protein intake of 131 g/day and crude protein digestibility of 78.2%. Similarly, nitrogen retention was greatest in T2 bucks (13.7 ± 0.4 g/day), reflecting efficient protein utilisation. The findings suggest that peanut shells are a highly digestible and nutrient-rich feed resource, offering significant advantages over the control and other treatments. By improving growth rates, feed efficiency, and nitrogen balance, peanut shells provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution for smallholder farmers facing feed shortages. These results support the adoption of farm residues as alternative feed resources to enhance the productivity and economic viability of small ruminant farming systems in West Africa.
Keywords: crop residues; nitrogen retention; nutrient digestibility; peanut shells; West African dwarf bucks.
Actual crop coefficients and yield response factors of irrigated tomato in Afaka, Northwest Nigeria
Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Muyideen Abubakar Oyebode, Henry Evonameh Igbadun, Habibu Ismail, Isaac John Maisamari
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581162
ABSTRACT. In the face of the prevailing challenges of limited water for irrigated agriculture, the knowledge of crop coefficients for use in irrigation, and the yield response to moisture stresses become pertinent for developing strategies to improve agricultural water productivity. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the crop coefficients and yield response factors of UC 82B tomato subjected to soil moisture stresses on growth-stage basis. The irrigation treatments investigated were: a full irrigation (application of 100% ETo), and three soil moisture deficit levels (20%, 40%, 60% ETo) imposed at the vegetative, flowering and maturity growth stages, in successions. The mean crop coefficient (Kc) was highest (0.99) during the mid-season under full irrigation, and lowest (0.47) during the vegetative stage under 60% ETo soil moisture deficit, while the mean value across the entire crop growth stage was 0.88. The yield response factors (Ky) were 1.26 and 1.30 for the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, respectively. The mean Ky of was 1.28 for the entire growth cycle, implying high sensitivity of the tomato cultivar to water deficits, and that yield reduction is proportionally larger when water used is reduced because of stress. Full irrigation at the maturity stage is recommended.
Keywords: crop coefficients; deficit irrigation; Northwest Nigeria; tomato; yield response.
Morpho-functional adaptations of the tiger skull (Panthera tigris) in relation to forceful biting
Alexandra-Andreea Cherșunaru, Mihaela Claudia Spataru, Constantin Spataru
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581161
ABSTRACT. The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles. These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
Keywords: adaptation; mandible; skull; tiger.
Cover story
Ensuring food safety requires effective contaminant monitoring in fruits. This study compares two methods used to measure the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in plums from conventional and ecological orchards. Results indicate that microwave-assisted digestion provides greater accuracy and efficiency than conventional methods, reducing contamination risks and improving metal recovery.
Studies conducted at “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences in Iași confirm that the analyzed plums meet international food safety standards set by FAO/WHO. Detected levels were low, with essential metals such as Cu and Zn found in optimal concentrations.
These findings highlight the importance of advanced analytical methods in assessing food quality and safety and contribute to the development of more precise standards for monitoring heavy metals in agricultural production.
Growth and seed yield responses of two soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties to coconut water priming
Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu, Abiboy Kofi Nyagblordzro, Solomon Kwaah, Akosua Damtuah
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-574160
ABSTRACT. Soybean is an essential legume that is increasingly valued for its nutritious oil and protein contents. Despite the benefits derived from soybean, low seed viability and inconsistent germination are major production setbacks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seed priming agents on the growth and yield of two soybean varieties (Favour and Afayak). The research used a 2 × 5 factorial randomised complete block design with three replications. The soybean variety at 2 levels was the first factor (Favour and Afayak), and the second factor involved 5 priming treatments: 4 h of water (20°C), 6 h of water, 4 h of coconut water, 6 h of coconut water, and no priming. Coconut water priming significantly enhanced germination, with the Favour variety achieving the highest rate (75.5%) after 4 h of priming. Water priming for 4 h was most effective in enhancing plant height, stem girth and leaf development in the Afayak variety. Yield was maximised in Afayak primed with coconut water for 6 h (2520 kg/ha), while Favour primed for 4 h produced the highest number of pods (135.5). Regression analysis revealed that the growth parameters and germination percentage accounted for 95% of seed yield variation. The study concludes that coconut water is an effective priming agent, enhancing germination, growth and yield and recommends 4-h coconut water priming for Favour and 6-h priming for Afayak to optimise production.
Keywords: coconut water; germination; seed yield; soybean seed; vegetative growth.
Comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards
Mariana Rusu, Irina-Gabriela Cara, Manuela Filip, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-574159
ABSTRACT. Increasing interest in healthy food among the population raises concerns about heavy metals in fruit and their impact on public health. To assess this issue, this study presents a comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards managed under conventional and ecological practices in the “Adamachi” Farm district of Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS). We evaluated and optimised two wet digestion methods – in an open system and microwave-assisted – to determine the concentrations of heavy metals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), which pose environmental and health risks. The metal concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, according to standard methods. Microwave-assisted digestion was more efficient and faster than the conventional method (in an open system). The ecologically managed orchards showed a lower heavy metal content overall, with the exception of Cu levels, due to the Cu-based treatments. By determining the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for both children and adults, the potential health risks from heavy metals were determined. There were no related associated risks to human health (THQ and HI < 1), and the accumulated metals in plum fruit samples showed that the EDI values followed the descending order of Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd. The analysis revealed non-significant differences for most data obtained after processing using the two methods. These results highlight the importance of selecting the optimal digestion methods for heavy metal analysis in plums and sustainable agricultural practices to safeguard the environment and consumer health from heavy metal contamination.
Keywords: health risk; heavy metals; plum orchard; wet digestion.
Plant diversity at selected dumpsites in Abakaliki: exploring species tolerance and carbon storage functions
Onyinyechi Priscilla Okpara, Okechukwu Idumah Okogwu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-574158
ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to determine the species diversity and carbon storage potential of herbaceous plants growing within selected dumpsites in the Abakaliki metropolis. The line transect method was used to collect plants from five study stations: Waterworks (A), Kpirikpiri (B), Newlayout (C), FETHA (D) and Presco (E). At each study station, a 15 m×30 m area was measured using tape and demarcated with pegs and ropes. The identified species were collected, the biomass, species frequency, density, dominance, diversity and carbon uptake were measured. The diversity indices evaluated showed that active dump station A was the most diverse and evenly distributed site (Shannon–Weiner diversity index: A=2.43, B=1.09, C=1.16, D=1.14, E=0.99, Pileou’s evenness index, A=1.53, B=0.70, C=0.68, D=0.66, E=0.69). Additionally, at station D, Simpson’s dominance (A=0.27, B=0.32, C=0.24, D=0.43, E=0.10) and Magalef (species richness) indices (A=1.7, B=4.07, C=3.75, D=4.20, E=3.38) were the highest. The herbaceous Ghomphrena celeisoides had the highest relative dominance, relative frequency and important value index across the studied stations. Analysis of variance of the carbon uptake potentials of species showed significant values for abandoned dump stations C (Newlayout) and D (FETHA) when p<0.05. Therefore, total sequestered carbon in stations C (F=15.97, p<0.001) and D (F=8.33, p<0.001) and sequestered carbon dioxide equivalent at stations C (F=15.96, p<0.001) and D (F=43.68, p<0.001) were significant at 95％ confidence level. The results indicate that species at dormant waste disposal sites sequester significant amounts of carbon; therefore, they are recommended for the phytoremediation of disturbed or destroyed ecosystems. Keywords: carbon uptake; density; diversity; relative frequency.
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Germination of seeds and adaptation of beech seedlings of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin under the influence of bioregulators
Dina Elisovetcaia, Raisa Ivanova, Ecaterina Popovschi, Jan Brindza
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582177
ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bioregulators on the germination of beech seeds of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin and adaptation of seedlings under solarium and natural conditions. The highest mean daily germination (0.74) was observed for 0.001 and 0.0001% (w/v, dry residue) Juniperus sabina. During stratification under laboratory conditions, the highest seed germination (82.64%) occurred in 0.0001% J. sabina. The highest seed germination rate index was observed in 0.0001 and 0.0005% J. sabina (1.17 and 1.57, respectively). The average germination time of 0.01% alginite No. 2 and 0.0005% J. sabina was below that of the control by 1.05-1.11 days. The length of the roots of germinated beech seeds with alginite No. 2 and 0.001% J. sabina significantly exceeded that of the control (39.66 mm), reaching 56.04 and 52.05 mm, respectively. Under solarium conditions, the highest rate of seedling emergence was observed in variants alginite No. 6 (92.50%), 0.0005% J. sabina (91.11%), 0.001% J. sabina (90.00%) and alginite nano powder (82.35%), which exceeded the control by 1.6–1.8 times. The height of the plants in alginite No. 2 (13.50 cm), 0.0001% J. sabina (12.24 cm) and 0.001% J. sabina (10.08 cm) significantly exceeded the control. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds treated with alginite nano powder (60.80%) and alginite No. 6 (47.47%) was significantly higher than that of the control (42.67%) and those treated with gibberellic acid (43.73%). The height of the plants treated with alginite nano powder (28.10 cm), 0.01% genistifolioside (29.70 cm) and 0.004% gibberellic acid (28.22 cm) significantly exceeded that of the control.
Keywords: Alginite; genistifolioside; Fagus sylvatica seeds; germination; Juniperus sabina.
Ecological water quality and benthic macroinvertebrates: impact on fish spawning grounds in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire
Iridjé Marcelle Bodji, Mamadou Soro, Lèfoungognon Coulibaly, Konan Gervais N’zi
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582176
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the ecological quality of ichthyological spawning grounds in the Lake Buyo partial wildlife reserve, part of Taï National Park. Ichthyological spawning grounds are aquatic habitats used by fish for reproduction. In Côte d’Ivoire, knowledge of these spawning grounds was very fragmentary and mostly based on an inventory and summary description of spawning grounds. Data collection was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019 at 11 ichthyological spawning grounds. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen bucket and handle dip net. Ten grab samples were taken at each site. The dip net was used to sample habitats that were difficult to access with the grab and were very shallow. The Warwick Ecological Stress Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index were used to analyse water quality. A total of 19,940 individuals belonging to 28 families for a biomass of 1,361,549 g were counted. Thiaridae and Chironomidae families were the most abundant, with 63.28% and 22.88%, respectively. The analysis of the abundance–biomass curves showed that the biomass curve was higher than the abundance curve, with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.61. These values indicate stress due to the enrichment of the water with organic matter. The analysis using the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index indicated that organic pollution ranges from poor (6.98) to very poor (7.73). The ecological quality of the lake’s waters has a negative impact on ecological diversity, leading to the disappearance of certain aquatic species through the destruction of spawning grounds.
Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates; ecological water quality; ichthyological spawning grounds; Lake Buyo.
Soil health and business models: a review and analysis carried out in the NOVASOIL project
Javier Bravo-García, Francisco José Blanco-Velazquez, Felix Ángel Gonzalez-Peñaloza, Fernando Alonso-Martin, Kalvi Tamm, Fabian Frick, Greta Winkler, Fabio Bartollini, Ana Iglesias, Mohammed Hussen Alemu, María Anaya-Romero
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582175
ABSTRACT. Soil health is critical for sustainable agriculture, healthy ecosystems, and environmental resilience. Soil degradation caused by unsustainable practices must be addressed through innovative economic and environmental solutions. This review explores how innovative environmental monitoring technologies, such as remote sensing, drones, and soil sensors, and innovative business models that influence soil management contribute significantly to the improvement of soil health. This study first highlights the key indicators of soil health, including soil organic carbon, nutrient levels, erosion rates and their potential use in ecosystem service markets, such as carbon credits, to incentivise improved soil management. Additionally, this study considers the legal and policy frameworks necessary to support these business models, with a particular focus on the European Union’s Soil Monitoring Law and its implications for the agricultural and environmental sectors. Together, these innovative components offer a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and opportunities for transforming soil health management into a profitable and sustainable enterprise, contributing to global goals, such as climate mitigation and biodiversity preservation.
Keywords: ecosystem services; soil monitoring law; soil indicators; sustainability.
Effect of pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and the chemical quality of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) beans
Mohammed Alhassan, Patrick Kumah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582174
ABSTRACT. Cocoa is a highly valuable economic crop that generates income and foreign exchange for Ghana. However, the rejection of cocoa beans on the international market due mainly to inappropriate fermentation methods and postharvest practices is a major problem confronting this sector. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the pod size and fermentation method on temperature changes and chemical attributes of the beans. The experiment was arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial with a completely randomised design and three replicates. Pod size (small, medium and large) and fermentation method (heap, tray and basket fermentation) were each evaluated at three levels. There were changes in temperature using all three fermentation methods, such that temperature increased from an average of 37.8 to 41.7°C in the first 24 h. The heap fermentation method had the highest temperature (41.7°C) after 4 days. The pod size and fermentation method did not influence the fat content, total titratable acidity, or free fatty acids in the sampled beans. Small pods fermented using the heap fermentation method had the highest pH. The study concluded that the heap fermentation method enhances temperature changes without compromising the chemical quality of cocoa beans, making it the preferred technique for high-quality cocoa production.
Keywords: bean quality; fermentation methods; pod sizes.
Contribution of community forest management groups to effective forest conservation. A case study of the Mwamba Community Forest in Kasama, Zambia
Brenda Romazi Chirwa, Ackim Phiri
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582173
ABSTRACT. Forests play vital roles in the survival of people globally. Despite their usefulness, the loss of forests has not slowed. Hence, various approaches have been used to enhance their management. Effective forest management is key to food security and stability of national economies. The quest for efficient and sustainable management of forested areas has led to the surge in research exploring the involvement of local people in forest management. This study aimed to assess the contribution of community forest management groups in effective forest conservation. Several research questions were asked to explore the subject: What are the approaches used to sustainably manage the Mwamba Community Forest and how effective are they? What challenges are faced to achieve sustainable forest management? What strategies are used to overcome the challenges faced in managing forests in a sustainable manner? This study targeted 127 household respondents living around the Mwamba Community Forest, together with key informants. The mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies was used. Questionnaires were administered to collect data from respondents. The variable parameters were analysed using Excel and IBM SPSS statistic 26. The effectiveness of the approaches in managing the natural resources in the forest were confirmed by 84% of the respondents, but 11% disagreed, and 5% were indecisive. The study also revealed various forest management activities being practiced, such as woodlot management, beekeeping, and gardening. The study recommends that the government build capacity in the local communities through training, financial empowerment, and incentives.
Keywords: community forestry; contribution; deforestation; forest groups; sustainability.
Effect of water management strategies on two vegetable crops under a Bhungroo irrigation technology in Upper East Region, Ghana
Henry E. Igbadun, Olufunke Cofie, Michael A. Kpakpo-Sraha, Donatus O. Onwuegbunam, Seifu Tilahun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582172
ABSTRACT. Exploring options to access water for irrigation and water management strategies at the field level is pivotal for improving crop yield and water productivity. Farmer-participatory field trials were conducted in Gorogo and Sepaat communities, Upper East Region, Ghana, in the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 irrigation seasons to evaluate the yield response of tomato and onion crops to varied levels of deficit irrigation using Bhungroo irrigation technology. The experimental factor was water application depth at four levels: 65, 85, and 100% of crop water requirement (CWR) and farmers’ discretion. Irrigation water productivity (IWP) was computed as a function of the yield and water applied. Seasonal water used in the tomato fields ranged from 232 to 502 mm, while the onion trials varied from 358 to 750 mm. The fresh fruit yield of tomato ranged from 6.0 to 17.5 t ha−1 in the two seasons, while the dry onion bulb yields ranged from 15.2 to 25.4 t ha−1. The IWP ranged from 2.11 to 3.61 kg m−3 for tomato and from 2.05 to 4.51 kg m−3 for onion. The lowest values were obtained from the least water applied, while the highest values were obtained from the highest. The deficit irrigation schedules significantly decreased both yield and IWP compared to 100% CWR in tomato and onion, while the farmers’ discretion led to over-irrigation in both study locations. It is recommended that tomato and onion crops be irrigated to meet the full crop water requirement in the study areas.
Keywords: deficit irrigation; drip irrigation; onion; tomato; water productivity.
Assessing the impact of the no-tillage system on soil physical parameters and water conservation in corn crops
Matei Titianu, Tudor George Aostăcioaei, Gabriel Dumitru Mihu, Serginho Cakpo, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582171
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the impact of two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on soil physical properties and soil water conserva-tion capacity in an experiment conducted on the Big Island of Braila during two agricultural years (2022–2023). The aim was to evaluate the implications of the NT system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the CT system. The designated area, the Big Island of Braila, has specific climatic conditions that make this research of great interest for assessing the possibility of imple-menting NT practice in the future. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year. Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.
Keywords: conventional tillage; no-tillage; soil physical properties.
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The Cranial Adaptations of the Tiger – The Key to a Lethal Bite
The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles.
These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
The anatomical study was conducted at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, part of the University of Life Sciences “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” in Iași, Romania – Publisher of the Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment.
Bioplastic content in biowaste: a growing problem in composting efficiency and quality
Alessandra Fiorucci, Maria Elena Bini, Alessandra Bonoli
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581170
ABSTRACT. The increase in fossil fuel–based plastic use and its subsequential refuse production and dispersion in the environment cause long-lasting waste that can pile up quickly. Compostable bio-based plastics, polymeric compounds that are functionally similar to fossil fuel–based plastics, seem to be more environmentally sustainable and particularly useful and recommended in food packaging. Even with the lower impacts of bioplastics, there is still a need for effective end-of-life management strategies to promote more efficient treatment of bioplastic waste. For biodegradable bioplastics, this endeavour could involve composting. Bioplastics would be processed like any other organic waste, prompting a closer study of how efficient this process is in degrading them, or if their presence can persist in high-quality compost or even in cultivated food. This paper focuses on organic waste treatment and compost production to assess the efficiency of bioplastic degrada-tion, aiming to explore the bioplastic content in compost in reference with a wide com-posting plants overview. An analysis of waste flow data from selected Italian composting plants highlighted a bioplastic reduction rate near 80%, with a small variance for different kinds of bioplastics, stressing the importance of investing in collection.
Keywords: bioplastic; biowaste; compost; treatment efficiency; waste management.
Factors associated with the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda
Douglas Andabati Candia
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581169
ABSTRACT. The majority of households in Uganda rely on traditional cooking fuels the use of which is associated with many dangers. This study sought to identify the factors related to the choice of cooking fuel among households in Uganda. The study used secondary data from the 2018–19 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS). The analysis was performed using Pearson’s chi-square test and the complementary log-log regression model. Most respondents used unclean cooking fuels (98.96%). The use of clean cooking fuels was more likely among households in the richest wealth index category, those from the Pentecostal/born-again/evangelical or other religions, and households that had electricity. An increase in household members was found to reduce the likelihood of using clean cooking fuels. There is a need for the government to reduce the initial connection fees to the power grid and the tariff per unit of electricity consumed by households in Uganda.
Keywords: complementary log-log regression; cooking fuel; Uganda.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on wheat crop water requirements in Central Afghanistan
Homayoon Raoufi, Jamily Abdul Saleem
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581168
ABSTRACT. Water crises in agricultural production are a serious issue in water-limited ecosystems and farming regions. This study was conducted to estimate crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling under climate change in Central Afghanistan using CROPWAT8.0 software. The climatic variables were acquired from local organisations and the general circulation model (GCM) (1990–2020). The temperature and rainfall patterns were evaluated under three scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5) from 2025 to 2100. CROPWAT8.0 was used to assess reference evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, crop irrigation requirements, and irrigation scheduling based on predicted meteorological conditions under different scenarios. The crop water requirements under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 increased by 9.74, 9.99, and 10.28 mm/day, respectively, compared to the baseline at 9.07 mm/day. Moreover, crop irrigation requirements would increase by 92.5 (18.46%), 109.7 (21.88%), and 100.7 mm/dec (20.09%) under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively, compared to the baseline at 62.65 mm/dec. Furthermore, the results showed that wheat needs 3 irrigations in the baseline scenario, while it would need 4 irrigations for future scenarios due to an increase in crop irrigation requirements. The results of this study will be useful for agricultural practices and management.
Keywords: Afghanistan; irrigation scheduling; precipitation; scenarios; temperature.
Influence of paclobutrazol concentrations, soil types and production seasons on physicochemical attributes of Keitt mangoes
Justice Amponsah, Patrick Kumah, Francis Appiah, Irene Akua Idun, Paul Kweku Tandoh
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581167
ABSTRACT. Mango is an important fruit with nutritional and economic benefits. However, the impact of varying paclobutrazol (PBZ) concentrations, soil types, and production seasons on its quality is less known in the literature. This study investigated the effects of varying PBZ concentrations, soil types, and production seasons on the quality of Keitt mangoes, aiming to optimise fruit attributes for both domestic and export markets. Conducted over three years in the Eastern Region of Ghana, this study had a 5×3×3 factorial design, with 5 PBZ concentrations (0, 10, 12.5, 20, and 25 mL), 3 soil types (Agawtaw, Akuse, and Baraku), and 3 production seasons (major, minor, and off-season). PBZ application had a concentration-dependent influence on the physical attributes of Keitt mango fruit, particularly fruit size, density, and firmness. Lower PBZ concentrations (0–12.5 mL) improved fruit size and total soluble solids (TSS) content, while higher concentrations (20–25 mL) reduced these parameters. Soil fertility played a key role, with fertile soils, such as Agawtaw, producing larger, heavier fruit with higher TSS and moisture contents. Seasonal variations also influenced the outcomes, with the major season favouring optimal fruit development due to favourable climatic conditions. Non-treated trees (0 mL PBZ) produced the largest and heaviest fruit, while the 25 mL PBZ treatment increased fruit firmness and extended the shelf life by reducing the total titratable acidity. The study emphasises the need to tailor PBZ applications to soil fertility and seasonal factors to achieve the desired fruit quality. These findings offer valuable insights for mango growers, promoting sustainable practices that enhance yield, quality, and economic viability in Keitt mango production to meet the growing global demand.
Keywords: Agawtaw soil series; Baraku soil series; Keitt mango; paclobutrazol.
Comparative effects of cassava peel compost, Tithonia diversifolia compost and NPK fertiliser on maize performance in Ibadan
Adeyinka Kehinde Adebayo, Sifau Adenike Adejumo, Folake Bosede Anjorin, Samson Oyewole Olanipekun
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581166
ABSTRACT. Maize is a widely cultivated crop with significant agricultural and industrial uses. Its production depends on efficient soil fertility management, which is increasingly supported by the use of organic and inorganic amendments. The effectiveness of cassava peel compost (CPC) and Tithonia diversifolia compost (TdC) at 0 (control), 10, and 15 t ha⁻¹, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) based fertiliser at 150 kg N ha⁻¹, was tested on maize in a randomised complete block design (r=3) in the field. Nutrient analysis was conducted following standard procedures. A residual trial was conducted immediately after harvest to assess the lasting impact of compost on maize yield. Data on dry matter (DM, g) and grain yield (GY, t ha⁻¹) were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance at α=0.05. NPK application initially enhanced maize performance more effectively than compost. However, in the second trial, compost application significantly improved maize performance compared to NPK. Maize GY and DM increased from 3.42 t ha⁻¹ and 224.53 g in the first trial to 3.95 t ha⁻¹ and 324.68 g in the second trial with the application of a higher rate (15 t ha⁻¹) of TdC. Soil Nitrogen (0.97% and 0.71%), phosphorus (34.08 mg/kg and 21.93 mg/kg), and potassium (0.69 cmol/kg and 1.09 cmol/kg) content in 15 t ha⁻¹ of TdC and CPC were higher compared to control, which contain 0.20% nitrogen, 17.17 mg/kg phosphorus and 0.31 cmol/kg potassium, respectively. Conclusively, compost alone may not replace synthetic fertilizers, but integrating TdC reduces NPK dependence, lowers environmental risks, and promotes sustainability.
Keywords: cassava peel; compost; poultry manure; Tithonia diversifolia; yield.
Exploring the role of seaweed culture in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere: a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation
Md. Simul Bhuyan, Sayeed Mahmood Belal Haider, Mrityunjoy Kunda, Md. Tarikul Islam, Istiak Ahamed Mojumder, Abid Husain, Enam Chowdhury, Ranjan Roy, Mir Mohammad Ali, Debasish Pandit
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581165
ABSTRACT. To keep the world safe from extreme temperature occurrences, global warming must be kept below 1.5C. Seaweed has emerged as a holistic nature-based solution to solve global warming by reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs). This review evaluated the role of seaweed in reducing GHGs. Seaweed can minimise carbon (C) emissions by absorbing them. Lowering ruminant enteric methane (CH4) emissions and producing bioenergy are two more ways seaweed can contribute to global decarbonisation. Atmospheric trace gases like nitrous oxide (N2O) are a factor in global warming. By 2050, 10 million metric tons (MMt) of nitrogen (N) would be absorbed by a seaweed yield of 500 MMt. All macroalgae release the volatile gas bromoform, which contributes to ozone (O3) depletion in the atmosphere. Bromoform is a component of red seaweed’s chemical composition. Large-scale seaweed cultivation can transform the way GHG emissions are managed while also generating new businesses. Furthermore, eutrophic, hypoxic, and acidic coasts can gain other advantages from seaweed cultivation. Although seaweed offsetting is a vital emerging tool for achieving a more sustainable future, it is not the only answer to the problem of climate change. This study demonstrates that seaweed cultivation and related sectors are viable solutions for lowering GHG emissions, achieving monetary growth, and creating sustainable means of subsistence.
Keywords: culture; global warming; greenhouse gases; minimization; seaweed.
Massive ovarian cyst in a guinea pig: surgical insights
Liviu Cătălin Burtan, Ivona Popovici, Alexandra Ciubotariu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581164
ABSTRACT. Ovarian cystic disease is a common condition in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Surgical intervention is considered the definitive treatment, effectively preventing disease recurrence, progression, and complications. A 5-year-old female guinea pig was referred to our clinic with nonspecific signs of lethargy and gastrointestinal disturbances that had emerged over the previous week. Diagnostic imaging identified a large abdominal mass, consistent with a cyst, extending throughout the right hemiabdomen, warranting immediate surgical intervention. Safe removal of the cyst via an ovariectomy procedure was performed with particular attention to the species-specific anatomical and physiological challenges. Managing the adhesions that had formed with the intestinal mass proved to be a complex step, requiring precise dissection to ensure secure and complete removal. Histopathological analysis of the mass revealed a ciliated cuboidal to columnar epithelium lining the cyst cavity, originating from the rete ovarii, indicative of a serous cystadenoma. This study highlights the importance of early detection and emphasises the role of elective spaying in preventing severe complications. It also provides valuable surgical insights for veterinary practitioners by documenting the largest ovarian cyst reported in a guinea pig. The case presents a detailed approach to managing species-specific challenges, with the aim of improving clinical outcomes for these patients.
Keywords: Cavia porcellus; histopathology; large ovarian cystadenoma; surgery.
Effect of feeding selected farm residues on growth performance, digestibility and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf bucks
Joshua Femi Oluwadele, Adeolu Ademiju Aganga, Anthony Henry Ekeocha, Olayinka Miriam Tawose, Adetumbi Tella, Ebenezer Yemi Akinlabi, Dakuna Gode
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581163
ABSTRACT. This study investigated the effects of feeding selected farm residues on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance of West African dwarf (WAD) bucks. A total of 16 bucks aged 16–18 months and weighing 14.45 ± 0.78 kg were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: control, cacao pod shells (T1); peanut shells (T2), corn cobs (T3), and mixed residues of cacao pod shells, peanut shells, and corn cobs in equal proportions (T4). This study spanned 92 days, during which feed intake, weight gain, digestibility, and nitrogen utilisation were evaluated. The T2 diet significantly enhanced growth performance, with the highest final weight (19.8 ± 0.20 kg), weight gain (5.30 ± 0.15 kg), and average daily gain (57.6 ± 1.2 g/day). The nutrient intake and digestibility were also highest in the T2 group, with a crude protein intake of 131 g/day and crude protein digestibility of 78.2%. Similarly, nitrogen retention was greatest in T2 bucks (13.7 ± 0.4 g/day), reflecting efficient protein utilisation. The findings suggest that peanut shells are a highly digestible and nutrient-rich feed resource, offering significant advantages over the control and other treatments. By improving growth rates, feed efficiency, and nitrogen balance, peanut shells provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution for smallholder farmers facing feed shortages. These results support the adoption of farm residues as alternative feed resources to enhance the productivity and economic viability of small ruminant farming systems in West Africa.
Keywords: crop residues; nitrogen retention; nutrient digestibility; peanut shells; West African dwarf bucks.
Actual crop coefficients and yield response factors of irrigated tomato in Afaka, Northwest Nigeria
Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Muyideen Abubakar Oyebode, Henry Evonameh Igbadun, Habibu Ismail, Isaac John Maisamari
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581162
ABSTRACT. In the face of the prevailing challenges of limited water for irrigated agriculture, the knowledge of crop coefficients for use in irrigation, and the yield response to moisture stresses become pertinent for developing strategies to improve agricultural water productivity. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the crop coefficients and yield response factors of UC 82B tomato subjected to soil moisture stresses on growth-stage basis. The irrigation treatments investigated were: a full irrigation (application of 100% ETo), and three soil moisture deficit levels (20%, 40%, 60% ETo) imposed at the vegetative, flowering and maturity growth stages, in successions. The mean crop coefficient (Kc) was highest (0.99) during the mid-season under full irrigation, and lowest (0.47) during the vegetative stage under 60% ETo soil moisture deficit, while the mean value across the entire crop growth stage was 0.88. The yield response factors (Ky) were 1.26 and 1.30 for the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons, respectively. The mean Ky of was 1.28 for the entire growth cycle, implying high sensitivity of the tomato cultivar to water deficits, and that yield reduction is proportionally larger when water used is reduced because of stress. Full irrigation at the maturity stage is recommended.
Keywords: crop coefficients; deficit irrigation; Northwest Nigeria; tomato; yield response.
Morpho-functional adaptations of the tiger skull (Panthera tigris) in relation to forceful biting
Alexandra-Andreea Cherșunaru, Mihaela Claudia Spataru, Constantin Spataru
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-581161
ABSTRACT. The anatomical peculiarities of the tiger’s skull reflect the ecological and behavioural needs of this predator. The study aims to observe the morphological adaptations that grant it exceptional hunting and survival abilities. The anatomical study was conducted on the skulls of two adult male tigers. The tiger’s skull is wide and rounded, providing a robust base for the attachment of masticatory muscles, which is essential for powerful bites. The sagittal crest, a bony prominence located on the upper part of the skull, serves as an attachment point for the temporal muscles. A distinct process is present on the maxillary tubercle, from which a strong tendon of the masseter muscle originates. The nasal bones are elongated, extending beyond the frontal processes of the maxillae, while the frontal area is elevated in the region of the postorbital processes. The anterior nasal opening is narrow, and the lower margin of the mandible is typically concave, with a prominent mental process. The front part of the mandibular symphysis is concave. Compared to other large felines, tigers have a more rounded skull and a downward-sloping dorsal surface. The tiger’s skull exhibits remarkable morpho-functional adaptations, such as a robust bony head, a prominent sagittal crest, a strong mandible, and well-developed insertions for masticatory muscles. These features are essential for their predatory lifestyle, allowing them to capture and control large prey efficiently.
Keywords: adaptation; mandible; skull; tiger.
Cover story
Ensuring food safety requires effective contaminant monitoring in fruits. This study compares two methods used to measure the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, and Cd in plums from conventional and ecological orchards. Results indicate that microwave-assisted digestion provides greater accuracy and efficiency than conventional methods, reducing contamination risks and improving metal recovery.
Studies conducted at “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” University of Life Sciences in Iași confirm that the analyzed plums meet international food safety standards set by FAO/WHO. Detected levels were low, with essential metals such as Cu and Zn found in optimal concentrations.
These findings highlight the importance of advanced analytical methods in assessing food quality and safety and contribute to the development of more precise standards for monitoring heavy metals in agricultural production.
Growth and seed yield responses of two soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties to coconut water priming
Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu, Abiboy Kofi Nyagblordzro, Solomon Kwaah, Akosua Damtuah
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-574160
ABSTRACT. Soybean is an essential legume that is increasingly valued for its nutritious oil and protein contents. Despite the benefits derived from soybean, low seed viability and inconsistent germination are major production setbacks. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of seed priming agents on the growth and yield of two soybean varieties (Favour and Afayak). The research used a 2 × 5 factorial randomised complete block design with three replications. The soybean variety at 2 levels was the first factor (Favour and Afayak), and the second factor involved 5 priming treatments: 4 h of water (20°C), 6 h of water, 4 h of coconut water, 6 h of coconut water, and no priming. Coconut water priming significantly enhanced germination, with the Favour variety achieving the highest rate (75.5%) after 4 h of priming. Water priming for 4 h was most effective in enhancing plant height, stem girth and leaf development in the Afayak variety. Yield was maximised in Afayak primed with coconut water for 6 h (2520 kg/ha), while Favour primed for 4 h produced the highest number of pods (135.5). Regression analysis revealed that the growth parameters and germination percentage accounted for 95% of seed yield variation. The study concludes that coconut water is an effective priming agent, enhancing germination, growth and yield and recommends 4-h coconut water priming for Favour and 6-h priming for Afayak to optimise production.
Keywords: coconut water; germination; seed yield; soybean seed; vegetative growth.
Comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards
Mariana Rusu, Irina-Gabriela Cara, Manuela Filip, Denis Țopa, Gerard Jităreanu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-574159
ABSTRACT. Increasing interest in healthy food among the population raises concerns about heavy metals in fruit and their impact on public health. To assess this issue, this study presents a comparative analysis of digestion methods for quantifying heavy metals in plum orchards managed under conventional and ecological practices in the “Adamachi” Farm district of Iasi University of Life Sciences (IULS). We evaluated and optimised two wet digestion methods – in an open system and microwave-assisted – to determine the concentrations of heavy metals, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), which pose environmental and health risks. The metal concentrations were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, according to standard methods. Microwave-assisted digestion was more efficient and faster than the conventional method (in an open system). The ecologically managed orchards showed a lower heavy metal content overall, with the exception of Cu levels, due to the Cu-based treatments. By determining the estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for both children and adults, the potential health risks from heavy metals were determined. There were no related associated risks to human health (THQ and HI < 1), and the accumulated metals in plum fruit samples showed that the EDI values followed the descending order of Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cd. The analysis revealed non-significant differences for most data obtained after processing using the two methods. These results highlight the importance of selecting the optimal digestion methods for heavy metal analysis in plums and sustainable agricultural practices to safeguard the environment and consumer health from heavy metal contamination.
Keywords: health risk; heavy metals; plum orchard; wet digestion.
Plant diversity at selected dumpsites in Abakaliki: exploring species tolerance and carbon storage functions
Onyinyechi Priscilla Okpara, Okechukwu Idumah Okogwu
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-574158
ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to determine the species diversity and carbon storage potential of herbaceous plants growing within selected dumpsites in the Abakaliki metropolis. The line transect method was used to collect plants from five study stations: Waterworks (A), Kpirikpiri (B), Newlayout (C), FETHA (D) and Presco (E). At each study station, a 15 m×30 m area was measured using tape and demarcated with pegs and ropes. The identified species were collected, the biomass, species frequency, density, dominance, diversity and carbon uptake were measured. The diversity indices evaluated showed that active dump station A was the most diverse and evenly distributed site (Shannon–Weiner diversity index: A=2.43, B=1.09, C=1.16, D=1.14, E=0.99, Pileou’s evenness index, A=1.53, B=0.70, C=0.68, D=0.66, E=0.69). Additionally, at station D, Simpson’s dominance (A=0.27, B=0.32, C=0.24, D=0.43, E=0.10) and Magalef (species richness) indices (A=1.7, B=4.07, C=3.75, D=4.20, E=3.38) were the highest. The herbaceous Ghomphrena celeisoides had the highest relative dominance, relative frequency and important value index across the studied stations. Analysis of variance of the carbon uptake potentials of species showed significant values for abandoned dump stations C (Newlayout) and D (FETHA) when p<0.05. Therefore, total sequestered carbon in stations C (F=15.97, p<0.001) and D (F=8.33, p<0.001) and sequestered carbon dioxide equivalent at stations C (F=15.96, p<0.001) and D (F=43.68, p<0.001) were significant at 95％ confidence level. The results indicate that species at dormant waste disposal sites sequester significant amounts of carbon; therefore, they are recommended for the phytoremediation of disturbed or destroyed ecosystems. Keywords: carbon uptake; density; diversity; relative frequency.
