Online: ISSN 2784 – 0360 | Print: ISSN 2784 – 0379

2025

Optimisation of the performance of a cleaning-type teff thresher using response surface methodology

Tasfaye Abeye Aseffa, Tamirat Nurgie Lema, Dereje Anawte Alemu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583186

ABSTRACT. Traditional teff threshing methods are labour intensive, inefficient and prone to considerable post-harvest losses. To address these limitations, a mechanical teff thresher was designed and developed. However, the initial prototype demonstrated suboptimal threshing performance and cleaning efficiency. This study aimed to optimise the performance of the developed teff thresher through the application of empirical modelling and response surface methodology. The optimisation focused on the threshing unit, particularly the drum length and diameter. The machine was fabricated from mild steel, angle iron, aluminium and round bar materials. Based on structural analysis, the total stress was 0.6776 MPa, the maximum shear stress was 0.00013242 MPa and the equivalent (Von Mises) stress was 16.126 kPa. Performance was evaluated at three drum speeds (1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm) and three feed rates (620, 660, and 700 kg/h), under a concave clearance of 0.03 m and a grain moisture content of 14%. A split-plot experimental design was employed, generating 27 observations that were analysed using the Design-Expert software. The results indicated that both drum speed and feed rate significantly influenced threshing performance. The maximum threshing capacity of 287.3 kg/h was achieved at a drum speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 700 kg/h, representing an improvement from the baseline capacity of 187.5 kg/h. Increasing both drum speed and the feed rate within the studied range markedly enhanced the threshing efficiency and throughput of the machine. The optimised operating conditions are recommended to maximise the performance of the teff thresher.

Keywords: optimisation; response surface methodology; thresher.

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Assessment of rice processing and marketing practices: the case of Nigeria

Dorcas Lola Alabi, Olusesan Michael Awoleye, Kehinde Adekunbi Taiwo, Tunde Afolabi Morakinyo, Olasunkanmi Gbadamosi, Babatunde Olawoye, Oyebanji Olubunmi Alagbo, Olufemi Koya, Charles Taiwo Akanbi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583185

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the category of scale-level rice processing across selected states in different geopolitical zones in Nigeria, factors motivating participation in rice processing, the characteristics of rice processing enterprises, and the marketing outlets employed for the distribution and sale of finished rice products. In October 2023, 168 rice processors were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with simple descriptive statistics being employed in the data analysis. The results showed that most microprocessors (80.0%) and small-scale processors (58.3%) in the study area were located in Ekiti State, while medium-scale (41.2%) and large-scale (50%) ones were found in Kwara and Kano States, respectively. Profitability, which ranged between mean of 4.58 in Kwara and 4.89 in Ebonyi, was the most important motivating factor in all states. The characteristics of the enterprise revealed variations in start-up capital, association membership and the number of household members involved in the business. Kano State dominated all the market outlet categories, registering the highest percentage (63.4%) total sales. The study concluded that a higher percentage of rice production in these study areas was processed by the microprocessors and small-scale processors characterized by inadequate rice processing machines, and the distribution network has greater internal strength.

Keywords: geopolitical zones; post-harvest technology; rice value chain; small-scale processors.

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Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon

Djongmo Victor Awe, Youhana Dangaï, Taiga Léa Kondasso

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583184

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon, emphasising the importance of ecosystems in mitigating climate change effects. Data on vegetation, dead wood, herbs, litter, soils, and fine roots were collected from 50 m × 50 m quadrats using systematic sampling methods. The aboveground, belowground, litter, dead wood, and soil organic carbon contents were higher in G. aqualla stands in Bénoué (50.28 ± 1.60, 11.05 ± 0.09, 1.98 ± 0.01, 8.98 ± 0.11, and 47.50 ± 0.19 Mg C ha-1, respectively). In Mayo-Loutii, the carbon storage capacity of herbaceous and fine roots of G. aqualla stands was 2.94 ± 0.06 and 8.01 ± 0.05 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In Bénoué, the total carbon stock and CO2 equivalents of G. aqualla stands was 127.28 ± 10.72 Mg C ha-1 and 467.11 ± 39.34 Mg CO2eq ha-1, respectively. The findings support the significant role of G. aqualla stands to store carbon and to mitigate climate change in Cameroon.

Keywords: biomass; carbon capacity; climate change; Gardenia aqualla stands; soil carbon storage.

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Impact of climate change on sea-going fishers: a case study from Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh

Md Minarul Hoque, Afifat Khanam Ritika, Md. Simul Bhuyan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583183

ABSTRACT. Climate change can severely impact fishermen’s community due to the nature of their profession. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on sea-going fishers in Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh. A total of 60 randomly selected fishers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions to assess climate-induced changes in their livelihoods. Field data reveal that 100% of the respondents experienced reduced fishing duration due to frequent storms, erratic sea behaviour, and early seasonal changes. Around 40% of fishers have shifted to alternative professions, and approximately 40% of local residents have migrated over the past 20 years due to climate-related livelihood disruption. In 2022, 90% of fishers lost their prawn farms owing to saline water intrusion and elevated water temperatures. Climatic trend analysis using Bangladesh Meteorological Department data confirms an increasing pattern in mean temperature per year (+0.014℃) and rainfall (+7.22 mmyr-1) in coastal regions over the past three decades. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted adaptation strategies, safety protocols, and livelihood diversification to support the resilience of this vulnerable population.

Keywords: climate change; coastal Bangladesh; fishing duration; profession shift; salinity; sea-going fishers.

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Genetic diversity and trait associations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) germplasm under rainfed conditions

Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin, Adesike Oladoyin Kolawole, Olasunkanmi Olajide

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583182

ABSTRACT. Sorghum is a key cereal crop in Sub-Saharan Africa that is used as food, fodder, and biofuel. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and trait associations among sorghum accessions collected from the Nigeria Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS). A total of 160 accessions were initially collected from farmers’ fields and preliminarily screened based on distinct morphological traits. Of these, 20 distinct accessions were selected and evaluated in 6 SGS environments with 2 improved varieties under rainfed conditions in the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The results revealed moderate to high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation and high heritability estimates (66.83–97.75%) for most traits, indicating that the accessions harbour valuable genetic diversity and that selection among them would be effective for breeding purposes. Accessions LR55 (1323 kg ha⁻¹), DR25 (1293 kg ha⁻¹), and LR2 (1226 kg ha⁻¹) were selected for their high yield and stability, and LR2, DR18, and DR15 were selected through a Genotype by Yield*Trait biplot approach for their optimal combination of yield and nutritional quality traits. These accessions are promising candidates for both direct cultivation and as elite genetic resources in sorghum improvement programs. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed among agronomic and nutritional traits, but most yield-related traits showed non-significant correlations with nutritional quality traits. Leaf width, percentage of grain coverage, number of panicles harvested, 100-seed weight, and 1000-seed weight were identified as reliable selection indices for yield improvement based on their high heritability and strong positive correlation with grain yield.

Keywords: genotype × environment interaction; nutritional and antinutritional traits; sorghum accessions; sorghum grain quality; trait correlations; yield-related traits.

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On-farm verification of improved malt barley technologies using demonstration and evaluation approaches, Guji zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Basha Kebede, Girma Amare, Dembi Korji, Tekle Bobo

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583181

ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the profitability and yield of improved malt barley technologies under farmers’ settings and to gather farmers’ feedback on malt barley variety use. Bore and Ana Sora districts, Ethiopia, hosted demonstrations of Sington and IBON 174/03 malt barley varieties in 2023/24. Varieties were sown on 10 m × 10 m plots by nine experimental farmers. Training and mini-field days were employed to promote recommended malt barley technologies. Interviews were used to gather data on farmers’ preferences, yield performance, and production costs. The Likert scale, net income, and descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. The IBON174/03 (29.58 Qt/ha) variety had a greater yield than the Sington (24.44 Qt/ha) variety. Sington and IBON 174/03 varieties produced 31,650 and 47,816 ETB/ha income, respectively. This showed that improved malt barley production is profitable in the highlands of the Guji zone. Yield, tillering, disease resistance, and market demand were the most valued malt barley variety preferences in the study area. Based on farmers’ preferences, the IBON 174/03 variety was ranked higher than the Sington variety. Therefore, for malt barley production, farmers should use the IBON 174/03 variety. Research centres should focus on farmers’ trait preferences for malt barley variety release.

Keywords: farmer participatory trial; Guji zone, Oromia; improved malt barley; on farm verification.

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Cover story

In the Big Island of Brăila, the fertile alluvial soils, the hydrological regime influenced by the Danube, and pronounced variability of precipitation cause alternating drought and temporary flooding risks. In this context, the potential of direct seeding systems to increase resilience and sustainability constitutes a promising pathway. Research conducted over two agricultural years (2022–2023) as part of a doctoral thesis evaluates the implications of the no-tillage (NT) system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the conventional tillage (CT) system. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year.

Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.

Read the full article in this issue!

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Priming with botanical leaf extracts enhances emergence and vigour in soybean (Glycine max)

Nana Kwaku Yeboah Agyetoah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582180

ABSTRACT. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a vital legume crop that is widely cultivated for its high protein and oil contents and serves as an essential food and industrial resource. In Ghana, efforts to improve soybean productivity have largely focused on synthetic seed treatments, despite the growing interest in sustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using botanical leaf extracts, namely those of moringa (Moringa oleifera), neem (Azadirachta indica), and tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), on the growth and physiological seed quality after harvest of three soybean varieties (‘Afayak’, ‘Jenguma’, and ‘Favour’). We hypothesised that botanical priming would enhance seed and plant performance compared to non-primed controls. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted using a randomised complete block design. Measurable results showed that seeds primed with 10% moringa and neem leaf extracts significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, 1000-seed weight, and seed vigour, with electrical conductivity values ranging from 17 to 34 µS cm⁻¹g⁻¹, which is within the recommended range for high seed vigour. The germination percentage after harvest remained consistently high across treatments (80–95%), with no significant delays in flowering time. Moringa-primed Afayak seeds had the highest 1000-seed weight (110.36 g), and tithonia-primed seeds showed reduced performance and higher fungal incidence. These results confirm the hypothesis and highlight the potential of botanical priming as an effective, low-cost strategy for improving soybean seed quality and crop establishment. These findings offer practical implications for sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, promoting environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals.

Keywords: botanical leaf extract; germination enhancement; moringa; neem; seed priming; seedling vigour; soybean (Glycine max); tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia).

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Preliminary study of the amino acids of horseshoe crabs (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) from the Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Md. Simul Bhuyan, Md. Tarikul Islam, Vinmoy Mondal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582179

ABSTRACT. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda is an ancient marine arthropod with significant ecological and biomedical importance due to its unique physiological features and bioactive compounds. Despite this critical role in pharmaceutical applications, especially in endotoxin detection assays, the amino acid (AA) profile of C. rotundicauda remains underexplored, especially the population in the northern Bay of Bengal. This study investigated the AA profile of C. rotundicauda collected from the Cox’s Bazar coast of Bangladesh, with the goal of assessing its nutritional value and biomedical potential. A preliminary biochemical analysis was conducted using samples collected from a mangrove-dominated estuarine zone. A rigorous analytical protocol involving hydrolysis, filtration, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was employed to accurately quantify the essential and non-essential amino acids. The results revealed a total AA content of 2.2%, with leucine (0.5%), isoleucine (0.3%), and proline (0.3%) being the most abundant. Interestingly, aspartic acid was not detected, and trace levels of methionine (0.006%) and histidine (0.0006%) were observed, suggesting unique metabolic adaptations in this species compared to other marine arthropods. These findings are significant as they represent the first detailed account of the AA profile of C. rotundicauda from Bangladesh’s coastal waters. The dominance of branched-chain amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine highlights the species’ potential role in supporting protein synthesis and metabolic regulation. This biochemical insight opens new possibilities for the species’ application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, while also underlining the need for its conservation amid increasing habitat degradation.

Keywords: amino acid profiling; biomedical applications; Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda; nutritional composition.

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Coat colour variations and their influence on body traits in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Northwestern Nigeria

Emmanuel Abayomi Rotimi, Abubakar Yusuf, Adelani Abayomi Adeoye

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582178

ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 51 dromedary camels (24 females and 27 males) from Northwestern Nigeria, sampled from Katsina and Zamfara States. Twelve morphometric traits were measured, and qualitative characteristics were recorded. Black and brown coat colours were the most prevalent (47.05% each), while white was rare (5.9%). Single coat colour patterns (74.5%) and smooth hair types (56.9%) predominated. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) in coat colour and pattern distributions, whereas hair type showed no significant variation. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced most morphometric traits except rump height and ear length, with older camels (≥11 years) exhibiting larger body dimensions. Sex did not have a significant effect on any of the measured traits. Camels with a black coat had a significantly higher body weight (245.96 ± 14.80 kg), heart girth (180.73 ± 3.62 cm), abdominal girth (158.52 ± 3.08 cm), and ear length (19.09 ± 0.94 cm) compared with camels with a brown or white coat. The 1–5-year age group was the largest (43.1%), aligning with breeders’ preference for younger breeding stock. These findings suggest that black coat colour may serve as an indicator of superior body traits in camels. This study provides valuable baseline data to inform genetic resource conservation and to guide selection strategies for sustainable camel breeding and productivity enhancement in Nigeria’s semi-arid regions.

Keywords: Camelus dromedaries; coat colour; morphometric measurements; phenotypic traits; semi-arid Nigeria.

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Germination of seeds and adaptation of beech seedlings of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin under the influence of bioregulators

Dina Elisovetcaia, Raisa Ivanova, Ecaterina Popovschi, Jan Brindza

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582177

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bioregulators on the germination of beech seeds of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin and adaptation of seedlings under solarium and natural conditions. The highest mean daily germination (0.74) was observed for 0.001 and 0.0001% (w/v, dry residue) Juniperus sabina. During stratification under laboratory conditions, the highest seed germination (82.64%) occurred in 0.0001% J. sabina. The highest seed germination rate index was observed in 0.0001 and 0.0005% J. sabina (1.17 and 1.57, respectively). The average germination time of 0.01% alginite No. 2 and 0.0005% J. sabina was below that of the control by 1.05-1.11 days. The length of the roots of germinated beech seeds with alginite No. 2 and 0.001% J. sabina significantly exceeded that of the control (39.66 mm), reaching 56.04 and 52.05 mm, respectively. Under solarium conditions, the highest rate of seedling emergence was observed in variants alginite No. 6 (92.50%), 0.0005% J. sabina (91.11%), 0.001% J. sabina (90.00%) and alginite nano powder (82.35%), which exceeded the control by 1.6–1.8 times. The height of the plants in alginite No. 2 (13.50 cm), 0.0001% J. sabina (12.24 cm) and 0.001% J. sabina (10.08 cm) significantly exceeded the control. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds treated with alginite nano powder (60.80%) and alginite No. 6 (47.47%) was significantly higher than that of the control (42.67%) and those treated with gibberellic acid (43.73%). The height of the plants treated with alginite nano powder (28.10 cm), 0.01% genistifolioside (29.70 cm) and 0.004% gibberellic acid (28.22 cm) significantly exceeded that of the control.

Keywords: Alginite; genistifolioside; Fagus sylvatica seeds; germination; Juniperus sabina.

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Ecological water quality and benthic macroinvertebrates: impact on fish spawning grounds in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire

Iridjé Marcelle Bodji, Mamadou Soro, Lèfoungognon Coulibaly, Konan Gervais N’zi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582176

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the ecological quality of ichthyological spawning grounds in the Lake Buyo partial wildlife reserve, part of Taï National Park. Ichthyological spawning grounds are aquatic habitats used by fish for reproduction. In Côte d’Ivoire, knowledge of these spawning grounds was very fragmentary and mostly based on an inventory and summary description of spawning grounds. Data collection was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019 at 11 ichthyological spawning grounds. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen bucket and handle dip net. Ten grab samples were taken at each site. The dip net was used to sample habitats that were difficult to access with the grab and were very shallow. The Warwick Ecological Stress Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index were used to analyse water quality. A total of 19,940 individuals belonging to 28 families for a biomass of 1,361,549 g were counted. Thiaridae and Chironomidae families were the most abundant, with 63.28% and 22.88%, respectively. The analysis of the abundance–biomass curves showed that the biomass curve was higher than the abundance curve, with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.61. These values indicate stress due to the enrichment of the water with organic matter. The analysis using the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index indicated that organic pollution ranges from poor (6.98) to very poor (7.73). The ecological quality of the lake’s waters has a negative impact on ecological diversity, leading to the disappearance of certain aquatic species through the destruction of spawning grounds.

Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates; ecological water quality; ichthyological spawning grounds; Lake Buyo.

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Optimisation of the performance of a cleaning-type teff thresher using response surface methodology

Oct 31, 2025 |

Tasfaye Abeye Aseffa, Tamirat Nurgie Lema, Dereje Anawte Alemu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583186

ABSTRACT. Traditional teff threshing methods are labour intensive, inefficient and prone to considerable post-harvest losses. To address these limitations, a mechanical teff thresher was designed and developed. However, the initial prototype demonstrated suboptimal threshing performance and cleaning efficiency. This study aimed to optimise the performance of the developed teff thresher through the application of empirical modelling and response surface methodology. The optimisation focused on the threshing unit, particularly the drum length and diameter. The machine was fabricated from mild steel, angle iron, aluminium and round bar materials. Based on structural analysis, the total stress was 0.6776 MPa, the maximum shear stress was 0.00013242 MPa and the equivalent (Von Mises) stress was 16.126 kPa. Performance was evaluated at three drum speeds (1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm) and three feed rates (620, 660, and 700 kg/h), under a concave clearance of 0.03 m and a grain moisture content of 14%. A split-plot experimental design was employed, generating 27 observations that were analysed using the Design-Expert software. The results indicated that both drum speed and feed rate significantly influenced threshing performance. The maximum threshing capacity of 287.3 kg/h was achieved at a drum speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 700 kg/h, representing an improvement from the baseline capacity of 187.5 kg/h. Increasing both drum speed and the feed rate within the studied range markedly enhanced the threshing efficiency and throughput of the machine. The optimised operating conditions are recommended to maximise the performance of the teff thresher.

Keywords: optimisation; response surface methodology; thresher.

read more

Assessment of rice processing and marketing practices: the case of Nigeria

Oct 23, 2025 |

Dorcas Lola Alabi, Olusesan Michael Awoleye, Kehinde Adekunbi Taiwo, Tunde Afolabi Morakinyo, Olasunkanmi Gbadamosi, Babatunde Olawoye, Oyebanji Olubunmi Alagbo, Olufemi Koya, Charles Taiwo Akanbi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583185

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the category of scale-level rice processing across selected states in different geopolitical zones in Nigeria, factors motivating participation in rice processing, the characteristics of rice processing enterprises, and the marketing outlets employed for the distribution and sale of finished rice products. In October 2023, 168 rice processors were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with simple descriptive statistics being employed in the data analysis. The results showed that most microprocessors (80.0%) and small-scale processors (58.3%) in the study area were located in Ekiti State, while medium-scale (41.2%) and large-scale (50%) ones were found in Kwara and Kano States, respectively. Profitability, which ranged between mean of 4.58 in Kwara and 4.89 in Ebonyi, was the most important motivating factor in all states. The characteristics of the enterprise revealed variations in start-up capital, association membership and the number of household members involved in the business. Kano State dominated all the market outlet categories, registering the highest percentage (63.4%) total sales. The study concluded that a higher percentage of rice production in these study areas was processed by the microprocessors and small-scale processors characterized by inadequate rice processing machines, and the distribution network has greater internal strength.

Keywords: geopolitical zones; post-harvest technology; rice value chain; small-scale processors.

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Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon

Oct 7, 2025 |

Djongmo Victor Awe, Youhana Dangaï, Taiga Léa Kondasso

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583184

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon, emphasising the importance of ecosystems in mitigating climate change effects. Data on vegetation, dead wood, herbs, litter, soils, and fine roots were collected from 50 m × 50 m quadrats using systematic sampling methods. The aboveground, belowground, litter, dead wood, and soil organic carbon contents were higher in G. aqualla stands in Bénoué (50.28 ± 1.60, 11.05 ± 0.09, 1.98 ± 0.01, 8.98 ± 0.11, and 47.50 ± 0.19 Mg C ha-1, respectively). In Mayo-Loutii, the carbon storage capacity of herbaceous and fine roots of G. aqualla stands was 2.94 ± 0.06 and 8.01 ± 0.05 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In Bénoué, the total carbon stock and CO2 equivalents of G. aqualla stands was 127.28 ± 10.72 Mg C ha-1 and 467.11 ± 39.34 Mg CO2eq ha-1, respectively. The findings support the significant role of G. aqualla stands to store carbon and to mitigate climate change in Cameroon.

Keywords: biomass; carbon capacity; climate change; Gardenia aqualla stands; soil carbon storage.

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Impact of climate change on sea-going fishers: a case study from Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh

Sep 29, 2025 |

Md Minarul Hoque, Afifat Khanam Ritika, Md. Simul Bhuyan

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583183

ABSTRACT. Climate change can severely impact fishermen’s community due to the nature of their profession. This study investigates the impacts of climate change on sea-going fishers in Paikgachha Upazila, Khulna, Bangladesh. A total of 60 randomly selected fishers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires and focus group discussions to assess climate-induced changes in their livelihoods. Field data reveal that 100% of the respondents experienced reduced fishing duration due to frequent storms, erratic sea behaviour, and early seasonal changes. Around 40% of fishers have shifted to alternative professions, and approximately 40% of local residents have migrated over the past 20 years due to climate-related livelihood disruption. In 2022, 90% of fishers lost their prawn farms owing to saline water intrusion and elevated water temperatures. Climatic trend analysis using Bangladesh Meteorological Department data confirms an increasing pattern in mean temperature per year (+0.014℃) and rainfall (+7.22 mmyr-1) in coastal regions over the past three decades. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted adaptation strategies, safety protocols, and livelihood diversification to support the resilience of this vulnerable population.

Keywords: climate change; coastal Bangladesh; fishing duration; profession shift; salinity; sea-going fishers.

read more

Genetic diversity and trait associations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) germplasm under rainfed conditions

Sep 19, 2025 |

Folusho Anuoluwapo Bankole, Olawale Serifdeen Aboderin, Adesike Oladoyin Kolawole, Olasunkanmi Olajide

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583182

ABSTRACT. Sorghum is a key cereal crop in Sub-Saharan Africa that is used as food, fodder, and biofuel. This study evaluated the genetic diversity and trait associations among sorghum accessions collected from the Nigeria Southern Guinea Savanna (SGS). A total of 160 accessions were initially collected from farmers’ fields and preliminarily screened based on distinct morphological traits. Of these, 20 distinct accessions were selected and evaluated in 6 SGS environments with 2 improved varieties under rainfed conditions in the 2021 and 2022 growing seasons. The results revealed moderate to high genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation and high heritability estimates (66.83–97.75%) for most traits, indicating that the accessions harbour valuable genetic diversity and that selection among them would be effective for breeding purposes. Accessions LR55 (1323 kg ha⁻¹), DR25 (1293 kg ha⁻¹), and LR2 (1226 kg ha⁻¹) were selected for their high yield and stability, and LR2, DR18, and DR15 were selected through a Genotype by Yield*Trait biplot approach for their optimal combination of yield and nutritional quality traits. These accessions are promising candidates for both direct cultivation and as elite genetic resources in sorghum improvement programs. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed among agronomic and nutritional traits, but most yield-related traits showed non-significant correlations with nutritional quality traits. Leaf width, percentage of grain coverage, number of panicles harvested, 100-seed weight, and 1000-seed weight were identified as reliable selection indices for yield improvement based on their high heritability and strong positive correlation with grain yield.

Keywords: genotype × environment interaction; nutritional and antinutritional traits; sorghum accessions; sorghum grain quality; trait correlations; yield-related traits.

read more

On-farm verification of improved malt barley technologies using demonstration and evaluation approaches, Guji zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Sep 9, 2025 |

Basha Kebede, Girma Amare, Dembi Korji, Tekle Bobo

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583181

ABSTRACT. This study was carried out to determine the profitability and yield of improved malt barley technologies under farmers’ settings and to gather farmers’ feedback on malt barley variety use. Bore and Ana Sora districts, Ethiopia, hosted demonstrations of Sington and IBON 174/03 malt barley varieties in 2023/24. Varieties were sown on 10 m × 10 m plots by nine experimental farmers. Training and mini-field days were employed to promote recommended malt barley technologies. Interviews were used to gather data on farmers’ preferences, yield performance, and production costs. The Likert scale, net income, and descriptive statistics were employed for data analysis. The IBON174/03 (29.58 Qt/ha) variety had a greater yield than the Sington (24.44 Qt/ha) variety. Sington and IBON 174/03 varieties produced 31,650 and 47,816 ETB/ha income, respectively. This showed that improved malt barley production is profitable in the highlands of the Guji zone. Yield, tillering, disease resistance, and market demand were the most valued malt barley variety preferences in the study area. Based on farmers’ preferences, the IBON 174/03 variety was ranked higher than the Sington variety. Therefore, for malt barley production, farmers should use the IBON 174/03 variety. Research centres should focus on farmers’ trait preferences for malt barley variety release.

Keywords: farmer participatory trial; Guji zone, Oromia; improved malt barley; on farm verification.

read more

Cover story

Aug 8, 2025 |

In the Big Island of Brăila, the fertile alluvial soils, the hydrological regime influenced by the Danube, and pronounced variability of precipitation cause alternating drought and temporary flooding risks. In this context, the potential of direct seeding systems to increase resilience and sustainability constitutes a promising pathway. Research conducted over two agricultural years (2022–2023) as part of a doctoral thesis evaluates the implications of the no-tillage (NT) system on soil physical properties – bulk density (BD), water-stable aggregates (WTS) and soil moisture – compared with the conventional tillage (CT) system. The results showed that NT significantly improved soil quality, demonstrating higher structural stability and superior water retention in the upper soil layer. Although BD was higher with NT than with CT, it was within the optimal range (1.0–1.4 g/cm³) without affecting plant growth. CT showed greater BD fluctuation, especially in the surface layers, due to intense mechanical disturbance. For NT, WTS was higher at all depths, with a difference of up to 13.67% compared with CT in the first year.

Soil moisture was also higher for NT, especially in the 0–10 cm layer, due to plant residues that reduced evaporation and improved water infiltration.

Read the full article in this issue!

read more

Priming with botanical leaf extracts enhances emergence and vigour in soybean (Glycine max)

Aug 8, 2025 |

Nana Kwaku Yeboah Agyetoah, Paul Kweku Tandoh, Irene Akua Idun, Bridget Yayra Bemanu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582180

ABSTRACT. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a vital legume crop that is widely cultivated for its high protein and oil contents and serves as an essential food and industrial resource. In Ghana, efforts to improve soybean productivity have largely focused on synthetic seed treatments, despite the growing interest in sustainable agricultural practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of seed priming using botanical leaf extracts, namely those of moringa (Moringa oleifera), neem (Azadirachta indica), and tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia), on the growth and physiological seed quality after harvest of three soybean varieties (‘Afayak’, ‘Jenguma’, and ‘Favour’). We hypothesised that botanical priming would enhance seed and plant performance compared to non-primed controls. A 3 × 4 factorial experiment was conducted using a randomised complete block design. Measurable results showed that seeds primed with 10% moringa and neem leaf extracts significantly increased the plant height, number of branches, 1000-seed weight, and seed vigour, with electrical conductivity values ranging from 17 to 34 µS cm⁻¹g⁻¹, which is within the recommended range for high seed vigour. The germination percentage after harvest remained consistently high across treatments (80–95%), with no significant delays in flowering time. Moringa-primed Afayak seeds had the highest 1000-seed weight (110.36 g), and tithonia-primed seeds showed reduced performance and higher fungal incidence. These results confirm the hypothesis and highlight the potential of botanical priming as an effective, low-cost strategy for improving soybean seed quality and crop establishment. These findings offer practical implications for sustainable agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, promoting environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals.

Keywords: botanical leaf extract; germination enhancement; moringa; neem; seed priming; seedling vigour; soybean (Glycine max); tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia).

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Preliminary study of the amino acids of horseshoe crabs (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) from the Cox’s Bazar Coast, Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh

Aug 8, 2025 |

Md. Simul Bhuyan, Md. Tarikul Islam, Vinmoy Mondal

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582179

ABSTRACT. Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda is an ancient marine arthropod with significant ecological and biomedical importance due to its unique physiological features and bioactive compounds. Despite this critical role in pharmaceutical applications, especially in endotoxin detection assays, the amino acid (AA) profile of C. rotundicauda remains underexplored, especially the population in the northern Bay of Bengal. This study investigated the AA profile of C. rotundicauda collected from the Cox’s Bazar coast of Bangladesh, with the goal of assessing its nutritional value and biomedical potential. A preliminary biochemical analysis was conducted using samples collected from a mangrove-dominated estuarine zone. A rigorous analytical protocol involving hydrolysis, filtration, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was employed to accurately quantify the essential and non-essential amino acids. The results revealed a total AA content of 2.2%, with leucine (0.5%), isoleucine (0.3%), and proline (0.3%) being the most abundant. Interestingly, aspartic acid was not detected, and trace levels of methionine (0.006%) and histidine (0.0006%) were observed, suggesting unique metabolic adaptations in this species compared to other marine arthropods. These findings are significant as they represent the first detailed account of the AA profile of C. rotundicauda from Bangladesh’s coastal waters. The dominance of branched-chain amino acids such as leucine and isoleucine highlights the species’ potential role in supporting protein synthesis and metabolic regulation. This biochemical insight opens new possibilities for the species’ application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, while also underlining the need for its conservation amid increasing habitat degradation.

Keywords: amino acid profiling; biomedical applications; Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda; nutritional composition.

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Coat colour variations and their influence on body traits in camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Northwestern Nigeria

Aug 4, 2025 |

Emmanuel Abayomi Rotimi, Abubakar Yusuf, Adelani Abayomi Adeoye

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582178

ABSTRACT. This study evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 51 dromedary camels (24 females and 27 males) from Northwestern Nigeria, sampled from Katsina and Zamfara States. Twelve morphometric traits were measured, and qualitative characteristics were recorded. Black and brown coat colours were the most prevalent (47.05% each), while white was rare (5.9%). Single coat colour patterns (74.5%) and smooth hair types (56.9%) predominated. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.01) in coat colour and pattern distributions, whereas hair type showed no significant variation. Age significantly (p < 0.01) influenced most morphometric traits except rump height and ear length, with older camels (≥11 years) exhibiting larger body dimensions. Sex did not have a significant effect on any of the measured traits. Camels with a black coat had a significantly higher body weight (245.96 ± 14.80 kg), heart girth (180.73 ± 3.62 cm), abdominal girth (158.52 ± 3.08 cm), and ear length (19.09 ± 0.94 cm) compared with camels with a brown or white coat. The 1–5-year age group was the largest (43.1%), aligning with breeders’ preference for younger breeding stock. These findings suggest that black coat colour may serve as an indicator of superior body traits in camels. This study provides valuable baseline data to inform genetic resource conservation and to guide selection strategies for sustainable camel breeding and productivity enhancement in Nigeria’s semi-arid regions.

Keywords: Camelus dromedaries; coat colour; morphometric measurements; phenotypic traits; semi-arid Nigeria.

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Germination of seeds and adaptation of beech seedlings of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin under the influence of bioregulators

Aug 4, 2025 |

Dina Elisovetcaia, Raisa Ivanova, Ecaterina Popovschi, Jan Brindza

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582177

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of bioregulators on the germination of beech seeds of Plaiul Fagului-23 origin and adaptation of seedlings under solarium and natural conditions. The highest mean daily germination (0.74) was observed for 0.001 and 0.0001% (w/v, dry residue) Juniperus sabina. During stratification under laboratory conditions, the highest seed germination (82.64%) occurred in 0.0001% J. sabina. The highest seed germination rate index was observed in 0.0001 and 0.0005% J. sabina (1.17 and 1.57, respectively). The average germination time of 0.01% alginite No. 2 and 0.0005% J. sabina was below that of the control by 1.05-1.11 days. The length of the roots of germinated beech seeds with alginite No. 2 and 0.001% J. sabina significantly exceeded that of the control (39.66 mm), reaching 56.04 and 52.05 mm, respectively. Under solarium conditions, the highest rate of seedling emergence was observed in variants alginite No. 6 (92.50%), 0.0005% J. sabina (91.11%), 0.001% J. sabina (90.00%) and alginite nano powder (82.35%), which exceeded the control by 1.6–1.8 times. The height of the plants in alginite No. 2 (13.50 cm), 0.0001% J. sabina (12.24 cm) and 0.001% J. sabina (10.08 cm) significantly exceeded the control. Under natural conditions, the germination of seeds treated with alginite nano powder (60.80%) and alginite No. 6 (47.47%) was significantly higher than that of the control (42.67%) and those treated with gibberellic acid (43.73%). The height of the plants treated with alginite nano powder (28.10 cm), 0.01% genistifolioside (29.70 cm) and 0.004% gibberellic acid (28.22 cm) significantly exceeded that of the control.

Keywords: Alginite; genistifolioside; Fagus sylvatica seeds; germination; Juniperus sabina.

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Ecological water quality and benthic macroinvertebrates: impact on fish spawning grounds in Lake Buyo, Côte d’Ivoire

Jul 4, 2025 |

Iridjé Marcelle Bodji, Mamadou Soro, Lèfoungognon Coulibaly, Konan Gervais N’zi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-582176

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the ecological quality of ichthyological spawning grounds in the Lake Buyo partial wildlife reserve, part of Taï National Park. Ichthyological spawning grounds are aquatic habitats used by fish for reproduction. In Côte d’Ivoire, knowledge of these spawning grounds was very fragmentary and mostly based on an inventory and summary description of spawning grounds. Data collection was carried out from June 2018 to May 2019 at 11 ichthyological spawning grounds. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen bucket and handle dip net. Ten grab samples were taken at each site. The dip net was used to sample habitats that were difficult to access with the grab and were very shallow. The Warwick Ecological Stress Index and the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index were used to analyse water quality. A total of 19,940 individuals belonging to 28 families for a biomass of 1,361,549 g were counted. Thiaridae and Chironomidae families were the most abundant, with 63.28% and 22.88%, respectively. The analysis of the abundance–biomass curves showed that the biomass curve was higher than the abundance curve, with values ranging from 0.18 to 0.61. These values indicate stress due to the enrichment of the water with organic matter. The analysis using the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index indicated that organic pollution ranges from poor (6.98) to very poor (7.73). The ecological quality of the lake’s waters has a negative impact on ecological diversity, leading to the disappearance of certain aquatic species through the destruction of spawning grounds.

Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates; ecological water quality; ichthyological spawning grounds; Lake Buyo.

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© 2026 by the authors; licensee Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment, Iasi, Romania. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)