Online: ISSN 2784 – 0360 | Print: ISSN 2784 – 0379

2025

Institutional contribution to urban biodiversity conservation, productivity, and carbon sequestration: a case study of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria

Joshua Ogunade, Quadri Onilude, Jonathan Onyekwelu, Olusola Ogunwande, Zacharia Yaduma

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584194

ABSTRACT. Urban trees within developed areas provide essential ecosystem services that include carbon sequestration. But growing urban populations put pressure on vegetated urban ecosystem services and biodiversity. This study examined tree diversity, biomass, and carbon storage within the developed areas of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN). A complete enumeration of 326 trees distributed among 57 tree species and 29 families was conducted. Biodiversity indices were computed using standard procedures, while biomass and carbon storage were estimated using a non-destructive method. Most species (61.4%) were indigenous, while 38.6% were exotic. Pinus caribaea, Khaya senegalensis, Entandophragma angolense, and Gmelina arborea were among the dominant tree species. About 65.6% of the trees were very stable given their low slenderness coefficient. The high biodiversity index values (species richness = 57; Shannon-Wiener diversity index = 3.84; Margalef index = 9.68) suggest that the developed areas of FRIN have good biodiversity conservation status. Total basal area and volume productions were 49.54 m² ha-1 and 660.32 m³ ha-1, respectively, corresponding to 447.90 tons ha-1 of biomass and 223.95 tons ha-1 of carbon. Despite their small land size, the developed areas of FRIN are a significant carbon sink compared to similar institutional landscapes in Nigeria. This study highlights the need for institutional green-space management strategies to be integrated into national climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation policies for enhanced ecological resilience and sustainability.

Keywords: biodiversity conservation; carbon sink; developed area; FRIN; urban vegetation.

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Studies on cropping systems and pesticide regimes in Tolon, in the Northern Region of Ghana

Abdul-Rahaman Amadu Dohbia, Samuel Adu-Acheampong, Emmanuel Robert Blankson, Frederick Kankam

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584193

ABSTRACT. Although pesticide use is relatively low in Africa, most African farmers who do use pesticides do not use them safely, in part due to the cropping systems that are employed. Specifically, the cropping systems dictate pesticide application regimes that can potentially expose farmers and consumers to chemical risks under indiscriminate applications. This study aimed to identify the dominant agricultural production type, the pattern of pesticide use, and the handling of empty pesticide containers, and to determine the relationship between pesticide use and cropping systems. We specifically documented pesticide application practices and cropping systems based on the administration of a stratified questionnaire to 120 farmers in a cross-sectional survey. The participants were selected through multistage random sampling and the results were analysed using SPSS Statistics. Most of the respondents (89%) practiced continuous cultivation of maize and persistently used pesticides (>50%) with little or no adherence to safety protocols. There was a strong positive correlation between continuous cropping and pesticide use (r = 0.71, p = 0.02). In addition, most of the respondents (≈ 65%) re-used empty pesticide containers to store seeds or for other domestic purposes; the remaining respondents discarded them on their fields or nearby dumping sites or gave them to others. Overall, Tolon is dominated by continuous cropping by farmers coupled with the indiscriminate use of pesticides, which threaten environmental health and are a cause for environmental concern. The current agrochemical uses in Ghana present a high environmental and health risk, especially in areas of high agricultural production such as Tolon.

Keywords: container; cropping systems; farm; pesticides; respondent.

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Solar energy interception and maize yield variability in the Forest-Savanna Transition Zone, Oyo State, Nigeria

Chukwuka Friday Agbor, Boluwatife Mosebolatan Dada, Suleiman Abdul-Azeez Adegboyega

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584192

ABSTRACT. The diverse agricultural activities in the Forest-Savannah Transition Zone of Oyo State, Nigeria, provides an excellent opportunity to study the effect of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception on maize yield variability. The intercepted PAR was derived from Landsat 8 imagery, using the Beer-Lambert spectrophotometric principle. Maize yields were obtained by direct field measurements and a crop growth model (CGM). Yields were also projected using predictive models developed from the regression operations between yields and fraction of absorbed energy, enhanced vegetation index, normalised difference vegetation index, and chlorophyll vegetation index. The impact of surface solar energy on yields was determined. Results revealed that the mean fraction of PAR ranged 286–572 〖μmolm〗^(-2) across plots. Average measured yield was 452 kg/plot, while the mean estimate by CGM was 448 kg/plot. Mean projected yield ranged 443.366– 506.753 kg/plot. The model and field-based yields were closely related with an average R^2 of 0.78. The multiple regression model outperformed others, with a standard error of 6.69. The yields across the plots increased with increased PAR. The findings underscore the potential of integrating satellite-derived biophysical indicators with absorbed solar radiation estimates in crop yield modeling. The finding that absorbed solar energy is a key yield driver underlines the importance of considering climate-driven variables in future climate-resilient crop yield prediction models.

Keywords: agricultural activities; crop yield prediction models; maize yield variability; photosynthetically active radiation; vegetation index.

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Correlation and path analysis of body weight and linear body measurements in Marshall broiler chickens

Emmanuel Abayomi Rotimi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584191

ABSTRACT. Understanding the association between body weight (BWT) and linear body measurements (LBMs) is crucial for animal breeders, as it helps identify the optimal traits that can be prioritised to improve BWT through selective breeding programmes. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationships between BWT and LBM in Marshall broiler chickens. A total of 100 Marshall broilers at 7 weeks of age were used. Data were collected on BWT and seven LBM: body length (BL); chest girth; thigh length TL; shank length; shank girth; wing length; and keel length. Data were analysed using the statistical procedure of IBM SPSS (23.0.0) statistical package. Descriptive statistics, phenotypic correlations, path coefficient analysis, and stepwise regression were employed to determine the predictive power of the LBM on BWT. A significant positive correlation between BWT and BL (r = 0.764) was revealed. Path analysis indicated that BL had the greatest direct effect on BWT, suggesting its utility as a selection criterion in breeding programmes aimed at enhancing broiler performance. The findings provide valuable insights for optimising breeding strategies for improved productivity in broiler production. Farmers can use BL at the 7th week of age to select chickens that will be expected to grow larger and faster.

Keywords: body weight and linear body measurements; body weight prediction; Marshall broiler chickens; path analysis.

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Cover story

Biodiversity and carbon storage in degraded landscapes

Woody vegetation plays a critical role in sustaining ecosystem functions in highly degraded landscapes, where natural structures have been profoundly altered. This study explores how perennial woody elements contribute to plant diversity conservation and carbon storage, highlighting their importance for ecosystem resilience and climate change mitigation. By examining vegetation structure, species composition and carbon stocks, the research emphasizes the value of managed woody systems as nature-based solutions supporting sustainable land use

Read the full article in this issue!

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Literature that refers to “acid rain” as “corrosive downpour”

Jaime A. Teixeira Da Silva

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583190

ABSTRACT. When the pH of rainwater is low or acidic, it is referred to as acid rain. The term ‘acid rain’, for example, in climate change or other environmental literature, is an established term. Due to the double synonymisation of two words, ‘acid’ to ‘corrosive’ and ‘rain’ to ‘downpour’, the non-standard term or ‘tortured phrase’ (TP) ‘corrosive downpour’ has arisen in some literature. To better appreciate the volume and extent of this TP, a search (29 October 2025) was performed on Google Scholar, revealing about 132 results. After filtering out duplicates and theses, from among accessible literature, 91 documents published between 2015 and 2024 were examined, including 63 papers, 13 book chapters, and 15 proceedings papers: 65 had a DOI, 58 were open access, and the majority (62 documents) had an affiliation in India. None of the documents have been retracted. The highest incidence of the TP ‘corrosive downpour’ was in documents published by Springer Nature (n = 7). While most (93%) documents had only a few (1–3) instances of this TP, and while a large number (49%) had accrued zero citations as of May 2025, suggesting their lack of practical use for citation, some documents with this TP had high citation counts, suggesting their influence. This TP – a de facto error – would benefit from being corrected in any literature that includes it.

Keywords: air pollution; climate change; education and literacy; environment; error; nomenclature; scientific communication.

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Evaluation of pollutant removal kinetics for greywater treatment in horizontal free surface flow constructed wetland

Vivien Chikogu Ameso, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Ezra Lekwot Vivan, Andesikuteb Yakubu Ali, Timothy Terna Mande

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583189

ABSTRACT. Amidst a global freshwater shortage, reusing treated greywater is a viable option for supplementing non-potable demands. To ensure effective and sustainable treatment, understanding the kinetics of pollutant removal is essential for optimizing horizontal free surface flow constructed wetlands (HFSF). This study evaluates these kinetics for greywater in a continuous HFSF wetland planted with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) under hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). A pilot-scale HFSF wetland (12 m × 1 m × 1 m) constructed at the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna was operated continuously at HLRs of 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m day-1. Greywater samples were collected biweekly and analysed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4–N). First-order kinetic models (k–C), a modified first-order model with background concentration (k–C*), and a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) were applied to derive rate constants and assess the model’s performance. First-order rate constants increased with HLR, indicating faster reaction kinetics; however, the overall efficiency of the pollutant removal slightly declined at higher HLRs due to the reduced retention time. TSS removal declined due to resuspension and NH4–N removal was limited by oxygen deficiency at 0.30 m day-1. The models demonstrated relatively better predictive agreement for TP and NH4–N than for BOD5 and TSS, reflecting non-linear processes. The 0.20 m day-1 HLR provided the most sustainable performance through longer retention, effective biodegradation, sedimentation, and nitrification. The derived k values fall within global ranges, validating their use in wetland design.

Keywords: constructed wetland; greywater; pollutant removal; kinetics; water hyacinth.

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Comparative study of plant diversity and carbon stocks of Baleng’s forest reserve and sacred forest in the western highlands of Cameroon

Darling Wado Djouméné, Cédric Chimi Djomo, Ingrid Tsopmejio Temfack, Louis Zapfack

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583188

ABSTRACT. In the degraded highland landscape of western Cameroon, forest reserves and sacred forests, which are subject to forest law and community/traditional management regimes, respectively, are among the forest relics important for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. In the Baleng community, these two types of management co-exist, and little information is available on their potential. Thus, this study aimed to compare the woody diversity and carbon stocks in the Baleng’s reserve and sacred forest. Inventory data collection was carried out in 21 randomised plots of 30 m × 30 m each. Species richness of the sacred forest is significantly lower different from that of the forest reserve (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, p=0.0057). Five vulnerable species were identified in these forests, including three in the reserve and two in the sacred forest, as well as two near-threatened species, one in each site. The Shannon index (2.50–2.63) indicated moderate diversity in these two forest areas. The Sorensen index (30%) showed a low floristic affinity. Structural parameters, such as stem density and basal area, did not show any significant differences, with values of 220±171 stems·ha-1 and 22.97±12.86 m²·ha-1 for the reserve and 360±103 stems·ha-1 and 35.18±6.24 m²·ha-1 for the sacred forest. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitneytest showed that carbon stocks have a lower-significant difference in the reserve (120.08±57.43 MgC·ha-1) and sacred forest (194.39±56.69 MgC·ha-1) (p=0.02). Despite their small size, these forests can be considered as biodiversity conservation reservoirs and carbon sinks for climate change mitigation. It is therefore suggested that sacred forests be integrated into sustainable ecosystem management policies in Cameroon.

Keywords: carbon stocks; Baleng-Cameroon; forest reserve; sacred forest; wood diversity.

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Woody plant diversity and carbon stocks of live hedges in highly degraded areas in the western highlands of Cameroon

Lily Ervige Voumo, Cédric Chimi Djomo, Ariane Sorelle Kitio Zangue, Roger Bruno Tabue Mbobda, Louis Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho, Jules Romain Ngueguim, Nyong Princely Awazi, Louis Zapfack

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583187

ABSTRACT. In the highlands agroecological zone of Cameroon, natural landscapes have disappeared in favour of other land use types, including live hedges (LHs), which are among the relics used to preserve biodiversity and enhance resilience to global change. However, the contribution of LHs to resilience remains unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterise plant diversity and carbon stocks in LHs, emphasising their typology. Trees with diameters ≥ 5 cm were collected from 132 LHs of 50 m each along a linear system, i.e. a total sampled area of 6.6 km (16.5 ha). LH carbon stocks were estimated using allometric equations. Five LH types were identified, namely Eucalyptus hedge, Markhamia hedge, Podocarpus hedge, fir/pine hedge and mixed hedge. A total of 79 species belonging to 58 genera and 31 families were identified in the LHs, with 8 (10%) being threatened according to the IUCN Red List. The species richness was significantly different between LHs (Kruskal–Wallis, p ˂ 0.001), with the mixed LH having the most diversity (65 species). The Shannon–Wiener index showed low plant diversity in the LHs. Carbon stocks were estimated at 134.25 tC.km−1 (54.10tC.ha−1), which was significantly different among LHs (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.0001). Given the potential of LHs in terms of diversity and carbon storage, emphasis should be placed on monitoring this agroforestry practice to ensure its sustainability and, thus, enhance its contribution to global change mitigation and payments for environmental services.

Keywords: biodiversity; carbon stockage; degraded landscapes; live hedge; typology.

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Optimisation of the performance of a cleaning-type teff thresher using response surface methodology

Tasfaye Abeye Aseffa, Tamirat Nurgie Lema, Dereje Anawte Alemu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583186

ABSTRACT. Traditional teff threshing methods are labour intensive, inefficient and prone to considerable post-harvest losses. To address these limitations, a mechanical teff thresher was designed and developed. However, the initial prototype demonstrated suboptimal threshing performance and cleaning efficiency. This study aimed to optimise the performance of the developed teff thresher through the application of empirical modelling and response surface methodology. The optimisation focused on the threshing unit, particularly the drum length and diameter. The machine was fabricated from mild steel, angle iron, aluminium and round bar materials. Based on structural analysis, the total stress was 0.6776 MPa, the maximum shear stress was 0.00013242 MPa and the equivalent (Von Mises) stress was 16.126 kPa. Performance was evaluated at three drum speeds (1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm) and three feed rates (620, 660, and 700 kg/h), under a concave clearance of 0.03 m and a grain moisture content of 14%. A split-plot experimental design was employed, generating 27 observations that were analysed using the Design-Expert software. The results indicated that both drum speed and feed rate significantly influenced threshing performance. The maximum threshing capacity of 287.3 kg/h was achieved at a drum speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 700 kg/h, representing an improvement from the baseline capacity of 187.5 kg/h. Increasing both drum speed and the feed rate within the studied range markedly enhanced the threshing efficiency and throughput of the machine. The optimised operating conditions are recommended to maximise the performance of the teff thresher.

Keywords: optimisation; response surface methodology; thresher.

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Assessment of rice processing and marketing practices: the case of Nigeria

Dorcas Lola Alabi, Olusesan Michael Awoleye, Kehinde Adekunbi Taiwo, Tunde Afolabi Morakinyo, Olasunkanmi Gbadamosi, Babatunde Olawoye, Oyebanji Olubunmi Alagbo, Olufemi Koya, Charles Taiwo Akanbi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583185

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the category of scale-level rice processing across selected states in different geopolitical zones in Nigeria, factors motivating participation in rice processing, the characteristics of rice processing enterprises, and the marketing outlets employed for the distribution and sale of finished rice products. In October 2023, 168 rice processors were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with simple descriptive statistics being employed in the data analysis. The results showed that most microprocessors (80.0%) and small-scale processors (58.3%) in the study area were located in Ekiti State, while medium-scale (41.2%) and large-scale (50%) ones were found in Kwara and Kano States, respectively. Profitability, which ranged between mean of 4.58 in Kwara and 4.89 in Ebonyi, was the most important motivating factor in all states. The characteristics of the enterprise revealed variations in start-up capital, association membership and the number of household members involved in the business. Kano State dominated all the market outlet categories, registering the highest percentage (63.4%) total sales. The study concluded that a higher percentage of rice production in these study areas was processed by the microprocessors and small-scale processors characterized by inadequate rice processing machines, and the distribution network has greater internal strength.

Keywords: geopolitical zones; post-harvest technology; rice value chain; small-scale processors.

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Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon

Djongmo Victor Awe, Youhana Dangaï, Taiga Léa Kondasso

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583184

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon, emphasising the importance of ecosystems in mitigating climate change effects. Data on vegetation, dead wood, herbs, litter, soils, and fine roots were collected from 50 m × 50 m quadrats using systematic sampling methods. The aboveground, belowground, litter, dead wood, and soil organic carbon contents were higher in G. aqualla stands in Bénoué (50.28 ± 1.60, 11.05 ± 0.09, 1.98 ± 0.01, 8.98 ± 0.11, and 47.50 ± 0.19 Mg C ha-1, respectively). In Mayo-Loutii, the carbon storage capacity of herbaceous and fine roots of G. aqualla stands was 2.94 ± 0.06 and 8.01 ± 0.05 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In Bénoué, the total carbon stock and CO2 equivalents of G. aqualla stands was 127.28 ± 10.72 Mg C ha-1 and 467.11 ± 39.34 Mg CO2eq ha-1, respectively. The findings support the significant role of G. aqualla stands to store carbon and to mitigate climate change in Cameroon.

Keywords: biomass; carbon capacity; climate change; Gardenia aqualla stands; soil carbon storage.

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Institutional contribution to urban biodiversity conservation, productivity, and carbon sequestration: a case study of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria

Jan 12, 2026 |

Joshua Ogunade, Quadri Onilude, Jonathan Onyekwelu, Olusola Ogunwande, Zacharia Yaduma

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584194

ABSTRACT. Urban trees within developed areas provide essential ecosystem services that include carbon sequestration. But growing urban populations put pressure on vegetated urban ecosystem services and biodiversity. This study examined tree diversity, biomass, and carbon storage within the developed areas of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN). A complete enumeration of 326 trees distributed among 57 tree species and 29 families was conducted. Biodiversity indices were computed using standard procedures, while biomass and carbon storage were estimated using a non-destructive method. Most species (61.4%) were indigenous, while 38.6% were exotic. Pinus caribaea, Khaya senegalensis, Entandophragma angolense, and Gmelina arborea were among the dominant tree species. About 65.6% of the trees were very stable given their low slenderness coefficient. The high biodiversity index values (species richness = 57; Shannon-Wiener diversity index = 3.84; Margalef index = 9.68) suggest that the developed areas of FRIN have good biodiversity conservation status. Total basal area and volume productions were 49.54 m² ha-1 and 660.32 m³ ha-1, respectively, corresponding to 447.90 tons ha-1 of biomass and 223.95 tons ha-1 of carbon. Despite their small land size, the developed areas of FRIN are a significant carbon sink compared to similar institutional landscapes in Nigeria. This study highlights the need for institutional green-space management strategies to be integrated into national climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation policies for enhanced ecological resilience and sustainability.

Keywords: biodiversity conservation; carbon sink; developed area; FRIN; urban vegetation.

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Studies on cropping systems and pesticide regimes in Tolon, in the Northern Region of Ghana

Jan 12, 2026 |

Abdul-Rahaman Amadu Dohbia, Samuel Adu-Acheampong, Emmanuel Robert Blankson, Frederick Kankam

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584193

ABSTRACT. Although pesticide use is relatively low in Africa, most African farmers who do use pesticides do not use them safely, in part due to the cropping systems that are employed. Specifically, the cropping systems dictate pesticide application regimes that can potentially expose farmers and consumers to chemical risks under indiscriminate applications. This study aimed to identify the dominant agricultural production type, the pattern of pesticide use, and the handling of empty pesticide containers, and to determine the relationship between pesticide use and cropping systems. We specifically documented pesticide application practices and cropping systems based on the administration of a stratified questionnaire to 120 farmers in a cross-sectional survey. The participants were selected through multistage random sampling and the results were analysed using SPSS Statistics. Most of the respondents (89%) practiced continuous cultivation of maize and persistently used pesticides (>50%) with little or no adherence to safety protocols. There was a strong positive correlation between continuous cropping and pesticide use (r = 0.71, p = 0.02). In addition, most of the respondents (≈ 65%) re-used empty pesticide containers to store seeds or for other domestic purposes; the remaining respondents discarded them on their fields or nearby dumping sites or gave them to others. Overall, Tolon is dominated by continuous cropping by farmers coupled with the indiscriminate use of pesticides, which threaten environmental health and are a cause for environmental concern. The current agrochemical uses in Ghana present a high environmental and health risk, especially in areas of high agricultural production such as Tolon.

Keywords: container; cropping systems; farm; pesticides; respondent.

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Solar energy interception and maize yield variability in the Forest-Savanna Transition Zone, Oyo State, Nigeria

Dec 23, 2025 |

Chukwuka Friday Agbor, Boluwatife Mosebolatan Dada, Suleiman Abdul-Azeez Adegboyega

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584192

ABSTRACT. The diverse agricultural activities in the Forest-Savannah Transition Zone of Oyo State, Nigeria, provides an excellent opportunity to study the effect of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception on maize yield variability. The intercepted PAR was derived from Landsat 8 imagery, using the Beer-Lambert spectrophotometric principle. Maize yields were obtained by direct field measurements and a crop growth model (CGM). Yields were also projected using predictive models developed from the regression operations between yields and fraction of absorbed energy, enhanced vegetation index, normalised difference vegetation index, and chlorophyll vegetation index. The impact of surface solar energy on yields was determined. Results revealed that the mean fraction of PAR ranged 286–572 〖μmolm〗^(-2) across plots. Average measured yield was 452 kg/plot, while the mean estimate by CGM was 448 kg/plot. Mean projected yield ranged 443.366– 506.753 kg/plot. The model and field-based yields were closely related with an average R^2 of 0.78. The multiple regression model outperformed others, with a standard error of 6.69. The yields across the plots increased with increased PAR. The findings underscore the potential of integrating satellite-derived biophysical indicators with absorbed solar radiation estimates in crop yield modeling. The finding that absorbed solar energy is a key yield driver underlines the importance of considering climate-driven variables in future climate-resilient crop yield prediction models.

Keywords: agricultural activities; crop yield prediction models; maize yield variability; photosynthetically active radiation; vegetation index.

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Correlation and path analysis of body weight and linear body measurements in Marshall broiler chickens

Dec 15, 2025 |

Emmanuel Abayomi Rotimi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-584191

ABSTRACT. Understanding the association between body weight (BWT) and linear body measurements (LBMs) is crucial for animal breeders, as it helps identify the optimal traits that can be prioritised to improve BWT through selective breeding programmes. This study was undertaken to investigate the relationships between BWT and LBM in Marshall broiler chickens. A total of 100 Marshall broilers at 7 weeks of age were used. Data were collected on BWT and seven LBM: body length (BL); chest girth; thigh length TL; shank length; shank girth; wing length; and keel length. Data were analysed using the statistical procedure of IBM SPSS (23.0.0) statistical package. Descriptive statistics, phenotypic correlations, path coefficient analysis, and stepwise regression were employed to determine the predictive power of the LBM on BWT. A significant positive correlation between BWT and BL (r = 0.764) was revealed. Path analysis indicated that BL had the greatest direct effect on BWT, suggesting its utility as a selection criterion in breeding programmes aimed at enhancing broiler performance. The findings provide valuable insights for optimising breeding strategies for improved productivity in broiler production. Farmers can use BL at the 7th week of age to select chickens that will be expected to grow larger and faster.

Keywords: body weight and linear body measurements; body weight prediction; Marshall broiler chickens; path analysis.

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Cover story

Dec 9, 2025 |

Biodiversity and carbon storage in degraded landscapes

Woody vegetation plays a critical role in sustaining ecosystem functions in highly degraded landscapes, where natural structures have been profoundly altered. This study explores how perennial woody elements contribute to plant diversity conservation and carbon storage, highlighting their importance for ecosystem resilience and climate change mitigation. By examining vegetation structure, species composition and carbon stocks, the research emphasizes the value of managed woody systems as nature-based solutions supporting sustainable land use

Read the full article in this issue!

read more

Literature that refers to “acid rain” as “corrosive downpour”

Dec 9, 2025 |

Jaime A. Teixeira Da Silva

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583190

ABSTRACT. When the pH of rainwater is low or acidic, it is referred to as acid rain. The term ‘acid rain’, for example, in climate change or other environmental literature, is an established term. Due to the double synonymisation of two words, ‘acid’ to ‘corrosive’ and ‘rain’ to ‘downpour’, the non-standard term or ‘tortured phrase’ (TP) ‘corrosive downpour’ has arisen in some literature. To better appreciate the volume and extent of this TP, a search (29 October 2025) was performed on Google Scholar, revealing about 132 results. After filtering out duplicates and theses, from among accessible literature, 91 documents published between 2015 and 2024 were examined, including 63 papers, 13 book chapters, and 15 proceedings papers: 65 had a DOI, 58 were open access, and the majority (62 documents) had an affiliation in India. None of the documents have been retracted. The highest incidence of the TP ‘corrosive downpour’ was in documents published by Springer Nature (n = 7). While most (93%) documents had only a few (1–3) instances of this TP, and while a large number (49%) had accrued zero citations as of May 2025, suggesting their lack of practical use for citation, some documents with this TP had high citation counts, suggesting their influence. This TP – a de facto error – would benefit from being corrected in any literature that includes it.

Keywords: air pollution; climate change; education and literacy; environment; error; nomenclature; scientific communication.

read more

Evaluation of pollutant removal kinetics for greywater treatment in horizontal free surface flow constructed wetland

Dec 4, 2025 |

Vivien Chikogu Ameso, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Ezra Lekwot Vivan, Andesikuteb Yakubu Ali, Timothy Terna Mande

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583189

ABSTRACT. Amidst a global freshwater shortage, reusing treated greywater is a viable option for supplementing non-potable demands. To ensure effective and sustainable treatment, understanding the kinetics of pollutant removal is essential for optimizing horizontal free surface flow constructed wetlands (HFSF). This study evaluates these kinetics for greywater in a continuous HFSF wetland planted with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) under hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). A pilot-scale HFSF wetland (12 m × 1 m × 1 m) constructed at the National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna was operated continuously at HLRs of 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 m day-1. Greywater samples were collected biweekly and analysed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total phosphorus (TP), total suspended solids (TSS), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4–N). First-order kinetic models (k–C), a modified first-order model with background concentration (k–C*), and a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) were applied to derive rate constants and assess the model’s performance. First-order rate constants increased with HLR, indicating faster reaction kinetics; however, the overall efficiency of the pollutant removal slightly declined at higher HLRs due to the reduced retention time. TSS removal declined due to resuspension and NH4–N removal was limited by oxygen deficiency at 0.30 m day-1. The models demonstrated relatively better predictive agreement for TP and NH4–N than for BOD5 and TSS, reflecting non-linear processes. The 0.20 m day-1 HLR provided the most sustainable performance through longer retention, effective biodegradation, sedimentation, and nitrification. The derived k values fall within global ranges, validating their use in wetland design.

Keywords: constructed wetland; greywater; pollutant removal; kinetics; water hyacinth.

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Comparative study of plant diversity and carbon stocks of Baleng’s forest reserve and sacred forest in the western highlands of Cameroon

Nov 12, 2025 |

Darling Wado Djouméné, Cédric Chimi Djomo, Ingrid Tsopmejio Temfack, Louis Zapfack

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583188

ABSTRACT. In the degraded highland landscape of western Cameroon, forest reserves and sacred forests, which are subject to forest law and community/traditional management regimes, respectively, are among the forest relics important for biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. In the Baleng community, these two types of management co-exist, and little information is available on their potential. Thus, this study aimed to compare the woody diversity and carbon stocks in the Baleng’s reserve and sacred forest. Inventory data collection was carried out in 21 randomised plots of 30 m × 30 m each. Species richness of the sacred forest is significantly lower different from that of the forest reserve (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, p=0.0057). Five vulnerable species were identified in these forests, including three in the reserve and two in the sacred forest, as well as two near-threatened species, one in each site. The Shannon index (2.50–2.63) indicated moderate diversity in these two forest areas. The Sorensen index (30%) showed a low floristic affinity. Structural parameters, such as stem density and basal area, did not show any significant differences, with values of 220±171 stems·ha-1 and 22.97±12.86 m²·ha-1 for the reserve and 360±103 stems·ha-1 and 35.18±6.24 m²·ha-1 for the sacred forest. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitneytest showed that carbon stocks have a lower-significant difference in the reserve (120.08±57.43 MgC·ha-1) and sacred forest (194.39±56.69 MgC·ha-1) (p=0.02). Despite their small size, these forests can be considered as biodiversity conservation reservoirs and carbon sinks for climate change mitigation. It is therefore suggested that sacred forests be integrated into sustainable ecosystem management policies in Cameroon.

Keywords: carbon stocks; Baleng-Cameroon; forest reserve; sacred forest; wood diversity.

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Woody plant diversity and carbon stocks of live hedges in highly degraded areas in the western highlands of Cameroon

Nov 3, 2025 |

Lily Ervige Voumo, Cédric Chimi Djomo, Ariane Sorelle Kitio Zangue, Roger Bruno Tabue Mbobda, Louis Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho, Jules Romain Ngueguim, Nyong Princely Awazi, Louis Zapfack

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583187

ABSTRACT. In the highlands agroecological zone of Cameroon, natural landscapes have disappeared in favour of other land use types, including live hedges (LHs), which are among the relics used to preserve biodiversity and enhance resilience to global change. However, the contribution of LHs to resilience remains unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterise plant diversity and carbon stocks in LHs, emphasising their typology. Trees with diameters ≥ 5 cm were collected from 132 LHs of 50 m each along a linear system, i.e. a total sampled area of 6.6 km (16.5 ha). LH carbon stocks were estimated using allometric equations. Five LH types were identified, namely Eucalyptus hedge, Markhamia hedge, Podocarpus hedge, fir/pine hedge and mixed hedge. A total of 79 species belonging to 58 genera and 31 families were identified in the LHs, with 8 (10%) being threatened according to the IUCN Red List. The species richness was significantly different between LHs (Kruskal–Wallis, p ˂ 0.001), with the mixed LH having the most diversity (65 species). The Shannon–Wiener index showed low plant diversity in the LHs. Carbon stocks were estimated at 134.25 tC.km−1 (54.10tC.ha−1), which was significantly different among LHs (ANOVA, p ˂ 0.0001). Given the potential of LHs in terms of diversity and carbon storage, emphasis should be placed on monitoring this agroforestry practice to ensure its sustainability and, thus, enhance its contribution to global change mitigation and payments for environmental services.

Keywords: biodiversity; carbon stockage; degraded landscapes; live hedge; typology.

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Optimisation of the performance of a cleaning-type teff thresher using response surface methodology

Oct 31, 2025 |

Tasfaye Abeye Aseffa, Tamirat Nurgie Lema, Dereje Anawte Alemu

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583186

ABSTRACT. Traditional teff threshing methods are labour intensive, inefficient and prone to considerable post-harvest losses. To address these limitations, a mechanical teff thresher was designed and developed. However, the initial prototype demonstrated suboptimal threshing performance and cleaning efficiency. This study aimed to optimise the performance of the developed teff thresher through the application of empirical modelling and response surface methodology. The optimisation focused on the threshing unit, particularly the drum length and diameter. The machine was fabricated from mild steel, angle iron, aluminium and round bar materials. Based on structural analysis, the total stress was 0.6776 MPa, the maximum shear stress was 0.00013242 MPa and the equivalent (Von Mises) stress was 16.126 kPa. Performance was evaluated at three drum speeds (1000, 1100, and 1200 rpm) and three feed rates (620, 660, and 700 kg/h), under a concave clearance of 0.03 m and a grain moisture content of 14%. A split-plot experimental design was employed, generating 27 observations that were analysed using the Design-Expert software. The results indicated that both drum speed and feed rate significantly influenced threshing performance. The maximum threshing capacity of 287.3 kg/h was achieved at a drum speed of 1200 rpm and a feed rate of 700 kg/h, representing an improvement from the baseline capacity of 187.5 kg/h. Increasing both drum speed and the feed rate within the studied range markedly enhanced the threshing efficiency and throughput of the machine. The optimised operating conditions are recommended to maximise the performance of the teff thresher.

Keywords: optimisation; response surface methodology; thresher.

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Assessment of rice processing and marketing practices: the case of Nigeria

Oct 23, 2025 |

Dorcas Lola Alabi, Olusesan Michael Awoleye, Kehinde Adekunbi Taiwo, Tunde Afolabi Morakinyo, Olasunkanmi Gbadamosi, Babatunde Olawoye, Oyebanji Olubunmi Alagbo, Olufemi Koya, Charles Taiwo Akanbi

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583185

ABSTRACT. This study investigated the category of scale-level rice processing across selected states in different geopolitical zones in Nigeria, factors motivating participation in rice processing, the characteristics of rice processing enterprises, and the marketing outlets employed for the distribution and sale of finished rice products. In October 2023, 168 rice processors were selected for the study using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with simple descriptive statistics being employed in the data analysis. The results showed that most microprocessors (80.0%) and small-scale processors (58.3%) in the study area were located in Ekiti State, while medium-scale (41.2%) and large-scale (50%) ones were found in Kwara and Kano States, respectively. Profitability, which ranged between mean of 4.58 in Kwara and 4.89 in Ebonyi, was the most important motivating factor in all states. The characteristics of the enterprise revealed variations in start-up capital, association membership and the number of household members involved in the business. Kano State dominated all the market outlet categories, registering the highest percentage (63.4%) total sales. The study concluded that a higher percentage of rice production in these study areas was processed by the microprocessors and small-scale processors characterized by inadequate rice processing machines, and the distribution network has greater internal strength.

Keywords: geopolitical zones; post-harvest technology; rice value chain; small-scale processors.

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Carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon

Oct 7, 2025 |

Djongmo Victor Awe, Youhana Dangaï, Taiga Léa Kondasso

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46909/alse-583184

ABSTRACT. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration and storage in biomass and soil of Gardenia aqualla stands in Cameroon, emphasising the importance of ecosystems in mitigating climate change effects. Data on vegetation, dead wood, herbs, litter, soils, and fine roots were collected from 50 m × 50 m quadrats using systematic sampling methods. The aboveground, belowground, litter, dead wood, and soil organic carbon contents were higher in G. aqualla stands in Bénoué (50.28 ± 1.60, 11.05 ± 0.09, 1.98 ± 0.01, 8.98 ± 0.11, and 47.50 ± 0.19 Mg C ha-1, respectively). In Mayo-Loutii, the carbon storage capacity of herbaceous and fine roots of G. aqualla stands was 2.94 ± 0.06 and 8.01 ± 0.05 Mg C ha-1, respectively. In Bénoué, the total carbon stock and CO2 equivalents of G. aqualla stands was 127.28 ± 10.72 Mg C ha-1 and 467.11 ± 39.34 Mg CO2eq ha-1, respectively. The findings support the significant role of G. aqualla stands to store carbon and to mitigate climate change in Cameroon.

Keywords: biomass; carbon capacity; climate change; Gardenia aqualla stands; soil carbon storage.

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© 2026 by the authors; licensee Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment, Iasi, Romania. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)